CHAPTER 10 Corrections The variety of programs services facilities organizations responsible for management of ppl who have been accused convicted of criminal offenses 2 types Incarceration AND Community corrections include probation intermediate sanctions Enlightenment 18th Century Raised questions about nature of criminal behavior methods of punishment England France Liberalism rationalism equality individualism changed concept of punishment from cruel physical pain corporal punishment new rational ways to change individual and set them on the right path John Howard saw horrible conditions of prisons Penitentiary Act of 1779 Created house of hard labor where prisoners could be held for 2 years Penitentiary Institution intended to punish criminals by isolating them from society and from one another alone at night disciplined silent labor during day so they can reflect on their past misdeeds repent reform o Goal to punish and reform Based on 4 Principles o Secure and sanitary building o Inspection to ensure offenders following rules o Abolition of fees charged offenders for their food o Reformatory regime Place for offenders to have sorrow shame for their wrongs and repentance willingness to change their ways Reform of the Penitentiary in the U S Both reforms had the same goal of redemption of offender through well ordered routine discipline of prison and isolation from society to reflect on sins offenses become useful to society Pennsylvania System Separate solitary confinement where inmate held in isolation from other inmates with all activities including work hard labor taking place along in cell Isolation Penance contemplation of wrongdoing well ordered labor silence being alone would force you to reflect on what you did wrong Activities reading bible crafts alone in cell New York Congregate System Kept inmates in cells at night alone but worked ate together during day under rule of SILENCE Strict discipline obedience labor silence Activities work together in shops silently to make goods that were sold by state Contact Labor System Inmates labor was sold on contractual basis to private employers who provided machinery raw materials with which inmates made products in institution inmates went insane committed suicide Lease System South West inmates leased to contractors who provided prisoners with food clothing in exchange for labor Reformatory Movement Indeterminate sentences with proof of reformation required for release Criminals victims of social disorder morally diseased Parole classification by degree of individual reform Rehab indeterminate sentences parole separate treatment for juv Dec of Principles Prisons should focus on inmate change reform improvement needed for release rather than just time spent in jail and indeterminate sentences rather than fixed sentences Elmira Reformatory 1876 Zebulon Brockway o 1st reformatory in NY o Reformatory For young offenders first time offenders 16 30 with rigid work schedule educational programs which often took front seat that emphasized training classification system indeterminate sentences parole looking at offender as opposed to offense o Early release for offenders that did well o Intake Interview diagnose individualize educational treatment schedule plan Mark system of classification point system where they can reduce term by earning marks through labor good behavior educational treatment fate in own hands Grade 2 entry 9 marks a month for 6 months before being promoted to grade 1 Grade 1 released Grade 3 violate rules need to stay here for 3 months before Led to rehab programs indeterminate sentences parole going to grade 2 3 Models of Correction 1 Rehab Model Medical Model a Criminal behavior sickness stemming from bio psych social deficits that should be diagnosed and treated cured before offender can be released b Goal restore convicted offender to constructive place in society through vocational educational training therapy rehab improving social environments that breed crime c Scientific approach d Bad because high recidivism rates 2 Community Model a Goal reintegration into community adjustment to society in order to help offenders feel connected to community family increase opportunities for them to succeed as citizens b Achieved goal by implementing Community Corrections Rehab carried out in community instead of in prison c Correctional officers there to help them advocate for them when dealing with govt agencies employment counseling finances medical treatment d led to determinate sentencing 3 Crime Control Model Retribution Model a Criminal behavior can be controlled by more use of incarceration other b Goal limit offenders opportunities to commit crimes through incarceration forms of strict supervision and risk containment c Focus on PUNISHMENT d More punitive longer sentences mandatory sentences very strict supervision e HIGH incarceration rates as a result of this model Jail v Prison Each level of govt holds diff responsibility for corrections Jails Local gov t 1 Federal Bureau of Prisons Federal prisons centralized a Administrative Office of U S Courts Probation 2 State Corrections State prisons Executive Control Department of Justice jails County governments parole Executive probation Judiciary or Executive Intermediate Sanctions Judiciary probation dept dept of corrections a Decentralized no one body responsible for them Jails hold pretrial detainees ppl sentenced for misdemeanors for periods longer than 48 hours municipal 88 men most younger than 30 half white low income mental health Function Holding offenders before trial incarceration of offenders sentenced to short terms More mental health problems TEMPORARY NOT SEPARATED BY OFFENSE Managing Jail Problems o Perceived role of jail in CCJS o Characteristics of inmates diverse bad conditions o Fiscal problems costly Hands Off Policy Judges courts should not interfere with administration of correctional institutions what happens in prisons issues in prisons left to correctional staff o After 1960 s prisoners could challenge condition of treatment that violate basic rights Constitutional Rights of Prisoners Improved living conditions legal assistance to inmates communications btwn inmates and society freedom of religious practice in prisons o Cooper v Pate Allowed state prisoners to challenge in federal courts the conditions of their confinement expanded prisoner s rights bc they were entitled to civil rights act Ended hands off policy Can sue state
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