Quiz 4 Study Guide Describe Bertoldt s experiment with the roosters Why was it important Group 1 Normal Controls Grow up to have large wattles and combs to mount and mate with hens readily and to fight one another and crow loudly Group 2 Castrate in early development When testes were removed during development roosters showed neither appearance or behavior of normal roosters as adults Group 3 Castrate but place one testis into abdominal cavity When testes was reimplanted immediately after its removal the rooster developed normal wattles and normal behavior Bertoldt concluded that the testes releases a hormone with widespread effects Describe the general principles of hormone action You don t have to memorize the list but you should recognize and understand the significance of each Hormones usually act in a gradual fashion Hormones act by changing the probability or intensity of a behavior The relationship between behavior and hormones is reciprocal A hormone may have multiple effects and one behavior can be affected by several hormones Effects depend on type of receptor and type of tissue Hormones often have a pulsatile secretion pattern in bursts Critical for small amounts to be effective Example GnRH Some hormones are controlled by circadian clocks Hormones can interact with other hormones and change their effects Across species hormone structure is similar but functions can vary Hormones can affect only cells with a receptor protein for that hormone Describe the differences between neural and endocrine communication Again you don t need to memorize them but recognize and understand them Neural communication travels to precise destinations hormonal communication spreads throughout the body and is picked up by cells with the proper receptor Neural messages are rapid measured in milliseconds Hormonal messages are slower measured in seconds and minutes or for steroids even hours or days Distance traveled varies the synaptic cleft is small while hormones may travel over a meter Neural messages are digital sequences of all or none potentials Hormonal messages are analog or graded in strength Neural communications are sometimes under voluntary control while hormones are involuntary Where are receptors for peptide and amine hormones located How about most receptors for steroids What is an additional site for steroid receptors What determines whether a given cell will respond to a hormone and what that response will be On the surface of a cell Inside the cell Receptor isoforms Depends on the type of receptor type of cell and prior biochemical activity in the cell Different cofactors illicit different responses even from activation of the same type of receptor How is the anterior pituitary controlled How about the posterior pituitary The brain controls the endocrine system via the hypothalamus and pituitary Neurosecretory cells of the hypothalamus release oxytocin and vasopressin directly into the general circulation via the posterior pituitary Releasing hormones are secreted into the blood supply of the anterior pituitary These hormones induce the anterior pituitary to release hormones into general circulation Some of these anterior pituitary secretions are tropic hormones that regulate the output of major endocrine glands elsewhere in the body Which 2 hormones are released from the posterior pituitary and what are their main functions Oxytocin Involved in reproductive and parenting behavior also in orgasm uterine contraction and the milk letdown reflex Promotes pair bonding in prairie voles and probably humans promote erection and ejaculation and warm fuzzy feelings Vasopressin Increases blood pressure and inhibits urine formation Promote aggression and social recognition What are some effects of those same chemicals when they are released within the brain Oxytocin released during nursing interaction during orgasm and childbirth in females promotes pair bonds Vasopressin in male prairie voles facilitates the formation of pair bonds with females also social recognition and aggression Name at least 4 of the 6 hormones released by the anterior pituitary and be able to recognize all of them Adrenocorticotropic Hormone ACTH Thyroid stimulating hormone TSH Follicle stimulating hormone FSH Luteinizing hormone LH Prolactin Growth hormone GH What is the difference between releasing hormones and tropic hormones Tropic hormones are pituitary hormones that affect other endocrine glands Releasing hormones are used by the hypothalamus to control the pituitary s release of tropic hormones What are somatomedins Hormones that normally aid growth Released by the liver in response to GH What are glucocorticoids which gland produces them What are their main functions How about mineralocorticoids Glucocorticoids Involved in glucose metabolism adrenal cortex adrenal gland Mineralocorticoids Adrenal steroids that affect ion concentrations in tissues From what gland are epinephrine and norepinephrine produced What are their major effects Which autonomic system are they part of Adrenal Medulla Adrenal gland Sympathetic Nervous System Epinephrine Norepinephrine Increases heart rate blood pressure cardiac output and blood glucose levels These actions result in more blood to the muscles and more glucose available for quick energy helps us better cope with stress What is the physical relation between the adrenal cortex and the adrenal medulla The outer 80 of the adrenal gland is the adrenal cortex and the core 20 is the adrenal medulla Where are the adrenal glands located How about the thyroid gland What is the main effect of thyroid hormones On top of each kidney Anterior part of the neck Effects Increase metabolic energy Promote protein synthesis Help regulate long bone growth synergy with growth hormone Promote neural maturation What is the relationship between GnRH and FSH and LH What are the effects of FSH and LH in the testes How about in the ovaries Ovarian hormone release is controlled by LH and FSH which are controlled by GnRH GnRH stimulates the release of LH which then stimulate the Leydig cells to secrete testosterone lust hormone LLL FSH stimulates the Sertoli cells to produce sperm SSS Testosterone is regulated by LH which is stimulated by gonadotropin releasing hormone GnRH Be familiar with the main stages of the menstrual cycle Follicular phase LH thecal cells cholesterol P T FSH granulosa cells T E also grow oocyte High E for 48 hrs positive feedback LH surge Break gap junctions between oocyte