Quiz 3 Study Guide Name 3 areas of the body where ACh is the or a transmitter What are its 2 types of receptor What is one of its functions in the brain and what major disorder is associated with degeneration of cholinergic input Neuromuscular junctions Parasympathetic neurons including the vagus which slows the heart Several basal forebrain nuclei that project to the hippocampus and widely throughout the brain Receptors Nicotinic most are ionotropic and excitatory On muscles and in the brain Muscarinic metabotropic and can be excitatory or inhibitory Mediate parasympathetic effects and also in the brain Arousal and memory Alzheimers What is the effect of curare Of botulinum toxin Of nicotine Curare blocks nicotinic receptors can be used to induce paralysis Botulinum toxin Botox blocks ACh release Name the 3 catecholamines Name the 2 indoleamines Catecholamines Dopamine Norepinephrine Epinephrine Indoleamines Serotonin Melatonin Where do the 2 major dopamine tracts originate What are their names and their major functions Nigrostriatal tract midbrain substantia nigra motor control Mesolimbic tract midbrain VTA engine driving motivated behavior What disorder is caused by degeneration of the nigrostriatal tract What is the common effect of drugs of abuse Parkinson s disease Increased dopamine release in the mesolimbic tract What is the neurotransmitter of postganglionic axons of the sympathetic nervous system What is the main effect of that same transmitter in the brain What is the hormone released from the adrenal medulla during times of stress Norepinephrine Arousal Epinephrine How do SSRI antidepressants work What type of behavior releases that same transmitter What is a major source of 5 HT neurons throughout the brain SSRIs keep 5 HT in the synapse longer Rhythmic exercise Raphe nuclei of the midbrain and brainstem What are the 2 main amino acid transmitters Which one is excitatory at ionotropic receptors and what are its 2 main ionotropic receptors Which is inhibitory and how does its ionotropic receptor work What drug is sometimes useful in treating a stroke and can also symptoms of schizophrenia Glutamate excitatory AMPA NMDA GABA inhibitory It opens Cl channels to hyperpolarize cells Ketamine Which transmitters mimic the effects of morphine and heroin Opioid Peptides What is unusual about NO What are two main effects of NO It s a gaseous transmitter and is often produced in postsynaptic cells from where it diffuses back to the presynaptic cell Acts through cGMP and may promote neurotransmitter release Vasodilator What is unusual about endocannabinoids What is one presumed endocannabinoid Activates same receptors as marijuana Anandamide retrograde transmitter that inhibits release of glutamate and or GABA Define ligand agonist antagonist Ligand molecule that binds to a receptor Agonist molecule that stimulates a receptor or increases transmitter release Antagonist molecule that blocks a receptor What may happen to postsynaptic receptors after repeated doses of an agonist An antagonist What is tolerance What may give rise to withdrawal symptoms What is sensitization Agonists may decrease numbers of postsynaptic receptors making later drug doses less able to elicit a response tolerance Gives rise to withdrawal symptoms Antagonists may increase the postsynaptic receptors so that neurons can respond to lower amounts of natural stimulation Sensitization when drug responses become stronger rather than weaker What is adenosine What does caffeine do to adenosine and to the release of catecholamines How does this affect arousal Caffeine blocks the effect of adenosine an endogenous neuromodulator that normally inhibits catecholamine release Adenosine is co released with catecholamines and acts on autoreceptors to inhibit further release of the catecholamines Since caffeine blocks those inhibitory effects more catecholamines are released resulting in greater arousal How do benzodiazepine anxiolytics like Valium work Where on the receptor do they bind A metabolite of what hormone may also bind to that receptor Reduce nervous system activity Benzodiazepines bind at an orphan receptor site no endogenous ligand has been found Progesterone What is the main mechanism of alcohol s effects Activates inhibitory GABA A receptors including in prefrontal cortex PFC normally inhibits impulses It also inhibits NMDA receptors Inhibition of PFC social disinhibition Inhibition in cerebellum loss of motor coordination Stimulates dopamine pathways Name 3 endogenous opioids Enkephalins Endorphins Dynorphins What are 2 psychological effects of marijuana or tetrahydrocannabinol THC What are 2 medical uses of it How does it exert its effects What is one endogenous cannabinoid Psychological Impairs memory Intensifies sensory experience Medical Relieve pain nausea Combat glaucoma Cannabinoid receptors mediate the effects of THC and other compounds Endocannabinoids homologs of marijuana produced in the brain act as retrograde messengers and may inhibit the release of neurotransmitter from the presynaptic neuron Anandamide What are the physical and psychological effects of nicotine How does it exert its psychological effects Increases nervous system activity Physical Increases heart rate blood pressure hydrochloric acid secretion and bowel activity at least in part by stimulating release of epinephrine and norepinephrine from the adrenal medulla Psychological Activates nicotinic ACh receptors in the ventral tegmental area increase firing in DA neurons and DA release in N accumbens What is the main way that cocaine exerts its effects Why is crack cocaine even more addictive than powdered cocaine Blocks reuptake of dopamine serotonin norepinephrine Crack is smoked and enters the brain more rapidly How does amphetamine work Makes synaptic vesicles containing dopamine leaky so dopamine pours into the cytoplasm Also reverses the transporter driving dopamine into the synapse How does Ritalin work Why is Ritalin when taken as prescribed not addictive Blocks dopamine reuptake More gradual effect no sudden rush withdrawal effects or cravings What are the common psychological effects of hallucinogens Which transmitter is structurally similar to LSD Alter sensory perception and produce peculiar experiences Serotonin Which tract is stimulated either directly or indirectly by essentially all drugs of abuse Mesolimbic dopamine tract which projects from the ventral tegmental area VTA to the nucleus accumbens Why are