Study Guide Exam 2 Part I How might drugs and food be similar in their effects on the brain It is pleasuring to eat and see food which raises dopamine levels which is the same as drugs that also raise chemical levels to cause pleasure Where are your three tiny ear bones located The middle ear or ossicles The hammer anvil and stirrup What is sensation and its definition Sensation is the process by which an organism responds to a stimulus Here our brain receives the neutral info and then organizes and interprets it as perceptual experience What is escape avoidance conditioning and can you give a human example It is learning to make a response in order to end an aversive stimulus EX Parents giving into their children s demands to make them stop whining Why do your eyes quiver What is kinesthesis To give you fluent and stable perception which allows neutrons to fire and reload constantly This is known as saccade movements It is the system for sensing the position and movement of an individual body part Why did Albert s fear extend beyond the fuzzy rabbit to include other fuzzy white objects remember the little baby I described in class while discussing classical conditioning Every time he saw the rabbit Watson played a loud sound so he was classically conditioned to be scared of anything fuzzy What is a gestalt and what are the gestalt principles guiding vision The whole is better than the sum of its parts What are the purposes of REM sleep To solidify and assimilate the days learning experiences and mental efforts What does it mean to be a smart critical drug user according to our lecture in class They must understand the physical and psychological costs Important to understand toxicity and addictive behavior How might our age and or smoking and drinking influence our sense of taste Taste buds decrease over time Our habits can shorten our life span Know all of Dr Volker s key points in her interview Nicotine Real gateway drug Dopamine levels make drug feel normal Lack of oxygen to brain Changes brain for reasoning and judgment Nicotine and alcohol are the same thing What is the difference between punishment and a negative reinforce and give examples of each Punishment would be doing something to a person because they did something wrong Whereas a negative reinforcer takes away the punishment for doing something good What are the differences between the major three learning paradigms Classical Conditioning Learning via associations unconditioned responses Operant Conditioning Reinforcers rewards and punishments Observation Learning Learning by indirect experience Why can you see in color and why can you perceive depth Triocomatic Theory See color becomes of cones and color combos Opponent Process Theory Complementary colors Ex Black White Blue Yellow and Red Green Depth Binocular cues 2 eyes What effect does intermittent reinforcement have on a conditioned response Reinforcing a response only part of the time slower acquisition but greater resistance to extinction Why is their truth in the adage sleeping like a baby REM represents 50 in babies it helps make neural connections What is bias in perception literature and what evidence do you have for it as applies to human systems Top down processing made expectation basing on their imagination Johnson Ramirez example What is BF Skinners take on human free will There is no such thing it is an illusion created by people Why might fog lights help driving safety In the fog things seem farther the lights show the actually space from the ground to the normal headlight proximity What is likely to happen to a child s perception of a toy if you pay them to play with it and why The child will learn to associate the toy with money because of classical conditioning What is the difference between bottom up and top down processing Top Down Knowledge and expectations guide recognition Bottom Up Uses sensation and what is observable What is figure ground perception We pick out objects and figures standing out against background What evidence is there for children learning to model aggressive behavior Observational children tend to imitate adults