Molting in bugs PTTH prothoracicotropic hormone Released from the brain Ecdysone Stimulates the prothoracic gland to secrete ecdysone Diffuses to target tissues and stimulates molting Nervous system controls the endocrine gland and produces a physiological response Secretes releasing hormones and inhibiting hormones Regulates hormone output of pituitary Human endocrine glands Hypothalamus Pituitary Gland Posterior Pituitary PP Anterior Pituitary AP Hormones Neural tissue releases hormones made in the hypothalamus Develops from the roof of the mouth releases hormones by putting it into the blood Oxytocin during childbirth causes smooth muscles to contract positive feedback ADH antidiuretic hormone causes kidneys to retain water Diabetes Insipidus is cause by pituitary gland malfunction and not enough ADH water is not reabsorbed and cause dehydration treatment is injections or nasal spray of ADH AP releases hormones AP regulates Tropic hormones controls endocrine glands Growth hormones promotes growth in an organism Prolactin breast development and milk production Enkephalines and Endorphins natural opiates Vitamin D Calciferol Produced by skin cells from cholesterol by UV light Combines with a receptor to form a transcription factor Thyroid Gland negative feedback TSH Thyroid Stimulating Hormone or Thyrotropin Released from the anterior pituitary Travels to the thyroid gland T3 and T4 Iodine component of thyroxin you obtain it from your diet and causes TSHRH and TSH to be continually released and the thyroid to continually grow goiter the usual treatment is the removal of the thyroid gland into a Calcitonin Regulates calcium levels in the blood the blood decrease PTH Parathyroid Hormone Inhibits osteoclasts more Ca is put into the bone by the osteoblasts levels of calcium in Raises blood calcium levels by stimulating osteoclasts Stimulates the kidneys to reabsorb Ca and remove phosphorous from blood Activates vitamin D stimulates digestive tract to absorb calcium Islets of Langerhans Type II diabetes Type I diabetes Beta cells insulin stimulates cells to take up glucose lowers levels Alpha cells glucogen liver converts glycogen to glucose raises levels Gamma cells somatostatin inhibits beta and alpha cells released by hypothalamus Lack of functional insulin receptors on target cells most common Decline of beta cells causes a lack of insulin Develops before the age of 30 Daily insulin injections may be necessary Adrenal Gland medulla and cortex Medulla Hyperglycemia too much glucose in blood Hypoglycemia too little glucose in blood Epinephrine and Norepinephrine Protein made Increases heart rate breathing rate blood flow Controlled by sympathetic nerves Adrenergic and adrenergic receptors on target cells Adrenocorticotrpoic Hormone ACTH Steroid released by anterior pituitary and produced by hypothalamus releasing CRF cortico tropin releasing factor Targets the adrenal cortex Cortex Corticosteroids from cholesterol Sex Hormones testosterone Glucocorticoids reaction to stress blocks immune system cortisol Cortisol negative feedback to brain breakdown of glycogen to glucose in liver Mineralocorticoids regulates salt uptake aldosterone Aldosterone stimulates kidney to retain Na and excrete K Gonads Androgens testosterone sperm development Estrogens and Progesterone determines sex of humans At puberty the production of sex hormones increases controlled by gonadotropins from AP Kidneys Erythropoietin EPO Released in response to low oxygen levels Increased number of red blood cells Stomach Gastrin Small Intestine Secretin Released in response to various food or stomach stretching Stimulates releasing of acids motility Released in response to acids being present Causes pancreas to release hormones to neutralize acids Cholecystokinin Released in response to fatty acids Gall bladder releases bile Pineal Gland Produces melatonin from tryptophan Melatonin Causes drowsiness Secretion peaks at night Light inhibits release Involved in photoperiodicity Inhibits secretion of Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone by hypothalamus Upregulation continuous low levels causes an increase in receptors Downregulation continuous high levels causes a decrease in receptors