Acrosomal Process Bindin Blocks to polyspermy Fast Block Slow Block Specific recognition molecules Acts on bindin receptors in vitelline envelope Sperm and egg plasma membranes fuse to form fertilization cone Water is absorbed and the vitteline envelope rises enzymes remove sperm binding receptors Transient caused by changing Na levels outside of the cell Release of Ca inside of the cell Granules fuse and release enzymes Bonds dissolve and water is absorbed and enzymes are removed Male Reproductive System Several glands add fluid Seminal Vesicles secretes most semen which empties into vas deferens Prostate Gland surrounds urethra and contributes to semen protects from acidity Bulbourethral provides lubrication precedes climax and carries some sperm Within the testes Seminiferous spermatogenesis lining contains spermatogonia Leydig cells clusters between tubules contains testosterone Sertoli cells found in walls of tubules provides nutrients Endocrine Regulation of Reproduction negative feedback Hypothalamus Gonadotropin releasing hormone GnRH acts on pituitary gland Pituitary Gland Testes Follicle Stimulating Hormone FSH travels to Sertoli cells and releases inhibin Luteinizing Hormone LH travels to Leydig cells Testosterone stimulates Sertoli cells a lot of different functions Androgen binding protein ABP inhibits hypothalamus and pituitary gland Inhibin inhibits hypothalamus and pituitary gland Sexual stimulation triggers the nervous system causing an erection Nitrous Oxide NO acts on the blood vessels by stimulating cGMP two steps Ejaculation accompanied by an orgasm increases heart rate Emission rhythmic Female Reproductive System Ovarian Cycle Primary oocytes are present Primary oocytes start to develop Follicular cells support developing oocyte Only one oocyte is still developing Ovulation occurs Follicle forms corpus luteum Corpus luteum degenerates if egg is not fertilized Uterine Cycle pairs with ovarian cycle 5 days into the cycle the endometrium starts to form 5 days after ovulation the endometrium reaches its peak size 9 days after ovulation begins menstruation begins Progesterone decreases Ovaries respond to FSH and LH Produces estrogen Ovulation Corpus Luteum Triggered by LH surge Becomes endocrine gland and secretes estrogen and progesterone Degrades if there s no pregnancy and progesterone decreases Human chorionic gonadotropin hCG helps blastocyst keeps levels high If pregnancy occurs During pregnancy Braxton Hicks contractions weak and rhythmic occur throughout pregnancy False Labor contractions stronger contractions occur in third trimester Estrogen stimulates contractions Progesterone inhibits contractions