Anthropology the study of people Anthropology Bio cultural approach A perspective that looks at the interaction between biology and behaviors to provide insight into the human condition Holistic Anthropology is concerned with the whole system rather than the individual parts Comparative cross cultural Anthropologists draw comparisons between cultural groups avoid ethnocentricity Ethnocentricity Belief in the superiority of one s own culture behavior Cultural relativism The view that all cultures have merit value within their own historical environmental context preference for skinny heavy women marriage polygamy polygyny polyandry or no recognition of unions Fieldwork a time of data collection and analysis several different forms processing artifacts excavation informant Subfields 4 1 Linguistic Anthropology influences culture scientific study of language looks at how language a How language is used in certain situations b The way men and women speak often leads to miscommunication 2 Cultural Anthropology also known as Sociocultural Culture learned behavior that is distinct among groups of people is passed down and is evolutionary 3 Archaeology study of the past based on material remains of culture Material remains anything used created by humans not human remains 4 Biological Physical Anthropology perspective including the past and present Also the study of non human primates study of humans from a biological American Anthropology Franz Boas 1858 1942 turn of 20th century Set the standard 4 field approach Bio cultural perspective Al s Hrdli ka The great organizer Turn of the 20th century History of Evolutionary Thought Charles Darwin Species change Trained first generation of very well known anthropologists Started American Journal of Physical Anthropology 1918 Started American Association of Physical Anthropologists 1929 Adaptive radiation idea that multiple species can descend from a single species and that all descendants are related Gradualism any changes occur gradually over time Natural selection recognizing the influence of the environment and the importance of biological variation Middle Ages Order Stasis The Great Chain of Being a natural order Influenced or perpetuated by religious beliefs A supreme being created and rested atop the chain of order God Angels Heaven Humans Beast Plant Flame Stone Fixity of the Species once things were created they did not change they were static Young Earth the belief the earth was very young Political System Middle age followed strict social classes that reflected the Great Chain and belief in stasis Darwin s Influences Carolus Linnacus 1707 1788 Binomial nomenclature Buffon 1707 1788 Botanist Lamarck 1744 1829 French scholar Cuvier 1769 1832 Paleontologist Recognized influence of environment on plants Never said one species could change into another Knew species could change in response to environmental pressure Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics Lamarckism a characteristic acquired during an individual s lifetime can be inherited by its offspring Classic ex giraffe s neck Catastrophism periodic disturbances catastrophes that would impact the earth would wipe out all living forms accounting for extinction living forms from nearby regions would move in and repopulate Lyell 1797 1875 Geologist Malthus 1766 1834 Alfred Wallace 1823 1913 Charles Darwin 1809 1882 Uniformitarianism geological processes from the past are the same processes at work today wind rain hurricanes volcanoes erosion In response to these processes the earth is constantly changing Established the earth was very old Demographer studied population A population s size is limited by the resources that are available Competition occurs when resources are low A working boy was well traveled Knew Charles Darwin Independently came up with the idea of natural selection Came from a wealthy family Studied medicine geology and theology Graduated in 1831 Released his study in 1858 rushing to present his findings before Wallace scared that Wallace would steal his idea of natural selection Prick Published Origin of Species in 1859 Natural Selection Natural Selection Survival of the Fittest Basic Processes 1 Biological Variation 2 Competition a Advantageous Traits b Selective Pressure 3 Reproduction Inheritable Traits a b Fitness i Any circumstance that affects the reproductive success of living organisms within a given environment i Measure of reproductive success of offspring an individual has and rears to reproductive age 4 Accumulation of advantageous traits 5 New Species Examples 1 Giraffes neck length 2 Medium Ground Finches beak size 3 Peppered Moths colouring 4 Antibiotic Resistance Homunculus medieval notion of inheritance the idea a tiny fully formed human being was passed through the sperm Blending Inheritance The idea offspring are simply an equal blend of the Prokaryotic simple life forms no nucleus Heredity parents Cells Eukaryotic Nucleus Organelles Cell Types Somatic cells cells that make up the body tissue sex cells involved in reproduction pass down genetic information Gametes DNA 2 chains of nucleotides sugar phosphate base bases Adenine Guanine Cytosine Thymine Base pair specificity Adenine to Thymine Cytosine to Guanine important to replication Replication development growth maintenance repair Nuclear DNA nDNA in the nucleus of every cell except Red Blood Cells 1000s of genes approx 20 thousand templates for production of proteins homoplasmic the nDNA is the same in every cell Mitochondrial DNA mtDNA Mitochondria an organelle which produces energy 37 genes assists with mitochondria functions heteroplasmic is not necessarily the same in every cell inherited from ovum mother it is possible for paternal mtDNA to slip through but is very uncommon and it is usually selectively destroyed or vastly outnumbered by the maternal mtDNA Gene sequence of DNA vary in size two types structural responsible for body structures codes for activities that enable life coding for different proteins regulatory regulates the functions of other genes can turn genes on or off at different times in life homeotic Hox genes regulatory regulate embryotic development Chromosomes sequence of genes 46 total 23 homologous pairs pair of chromosomes that carry the same genetic information same size organized same way are not identical carry info for the same trait Karyotype organized profile of someone s chromosomes 2 types Autosomes 22 pair 44 carry genetic information about body and