10 22 2015 The Living Primates Primitive traits Derived traits common ancestor traits passed on unchanged form an ancestor traits that develop in a particular taxon after they split from their Despite the same basic adaptations still a lot of diversity Morphological how they look Ecological where they live trees ground near forest Behavioral some eat food during the day some during night etc A survey of the living primates There are approximately 230 270 species of nonhuman primates Each lineage or species possess unique qualities that make it better suited to a particular habitat and lifestyle What defines a primate Pentadactyly 5 digits Flat nails not having claws Tactile pads Opposable thumb and big toe ish Olfactory apparatus reduced nose Stereoscopic vision Binocular vision Color vision Fovea centralis Slow reproductive rate o Increased parental care Large brain Homeothermy constant body temperature Specialized skeleton The sense and the brain Reduced olfaction o Decreased snout reliance on vision Expansion and increased complexity of the brain o Expansion in the visual and association areas of neocortex Primate Diet and Teeth Generally omnivorous reflected in their generalized dentition Most eat a combination of fruits leaves and insects Most have four types of teeth incisors canines sexual dimorphism premolars and molars Dentition heterodont o Incisors o Canines Sexual dimorphism o Premolars o Molars o Dental formula 2123 o Dental aracode Dental formula the mouth o A dental formula indicates the number of each tooth type in each quadrant of o Humans 2123 o NWM new world monkeys Callitrichidae 2132 o NWM Cebidae 2133 o OWM Apes 2123 Locomotion o Most are quadrupedal Knuckle walking o VCL Vertical clinging and leaping o Arm swinging called braciation is found among the apes o Prehensile Tails NWM only Primate taxonomy Two suborders Alternative way to divide up primates book and is not based on genetics o Prosimii lemurs tarsiers lorises prosimians o Anthropoideac monkeys apes humans The one prof likes o Strepsirhini lemurs and lorises o Haplorhini tarsiers monkeys apes and humans o Cocturnal leapers and cli bers highly specialized closely related to monkeys and Superfamily Lorises Lorises are found on the mainland nocturnal quadrupedal o Slow loris o Galagim or bush baby Infraorder Tarsiiformes Tarsiers apes Anthropoieda Two groups Platyrrhini NwM o Platurhini includes new world monkeys o Catarrhini includes old world monkeys apes and humans 2133 Tropical forest of central and south America Flat noses outwardly flaring nostrils Prehensile tails aboreal family cebidea family callitrichidae mostly have twins capuchins tools owl monkey nocturnal Catarrhini OWM apes humans Africa and asia 2123 sexual dimorphism arboreal or terrestrial Two supferfamilies o Cercioithecidea owm cercoPITHecoidea Bolophodont molars Africa and asia Have tails but are not prehensile Very diverse group o Hominoidea No tails Larger body size Y shaped molars Short lumbar region More complex behavior complex brain and abilities Less sexual dimorphism Infant development Two subfamilies Hylobatidae Gibbons and siamangs Called lesser apes Brachiators Old and New world monkeys a case of homopplasy The current consensus is that both new and old world monekys arose in Africa from a common monkey ancestor Monkeys rafting over on chunks of land that had broken away from mainland areas Hominidea superfamily 3 subfamilies o Ponginae Only in SE Asia Most solitary High sexual dimprphism Feed primarily on fruit o Gorillinae Gorillas Lowland and mountain Largest of the apes Terrestrial don t hangout in trees knuckle walkers Live in small groups Folivores o Homininae Tribe Panini hominine Mostly found in old world Chimpanzees Common and pygmy bonbos chimps Fission fusion society Form large multimale multifemale communities Frugivores primarily but do not hunt Only primates that routinely use tools Bonobos have unusual sexual behavior have sex year round not only for reproduction stress relief Very vocal Behavioral Ecology The evolution of behavior Social Structure An approach that focuses on the relationship between behaviors the natural environment and biological traits of the species Species vary in their limits and potentials for learning and for behavioral flexibility The composition size and sex ration of a group of animals Social structures ate the results of natural selection in specific habitats and they influence individual interactions and social relationships Evolution of intelligence among most primates is tied to socialization Body size Predation Dispersal Startegies Larger animals are better able to retain heat and their overall energy requirements are less than for smaller animals Distribution of resources Leaves can be abundant for large groups Fruits and nuts can be exploited by smaller groups Primates are vulnerable to many types of predators including snakes birds of prey leopards wild dogs lions and ever other primates Where predation pressure is high large communities are advantageous Individuals who disperse usually find mates outside they natal group as a result of lowering the competition for mates and decreasing the likelihood for inbreeding Behaviors that increase reproductive success as products of natural selection o Types of sleeping sites Gorillas are the only primates to sleep on the ground Almost all primates sleep in the safety of trees or on cliffs if there are no trees around Also often take naps during the day Activity patterns Most primates are diurnal Nocturnal species tend to forage alone or 2 3 All non human primates are affected by human hunting and forest clearing Social systems Noyau solitary o Based on adult female and her offspring o Males don t really take care of the baby o Common in prosimians and orangutans Monogamy o One adult male one adult female and immature offspring o Mate for life o Intense territorial competition intersexual competition o Tarsiers gibbons aotus owl monkey o Less sexual dimorphism o Vocal duetting o Paternal care assurance o territoriality Polyandry o One female multiple males o Males o Tamarins twinning Polygyny o One male polygyny Single male multi female High degree of sexual dimorphism Bachelor groups Baboons langurs gorillas o Multimale polygyny Many adult males and females and their offspring Sexual competition between males Enlarged testes sperm competition o Fussion Fission Polygyny Temporary associations of individuals come together and