Biology Final Exam Review Section 1 Plants structure and function flowers photosynthesis Plant reproduction and development Evolution mechanisms of Evolution Darwin natural selection genetic Section 2 variation Section 3 Diversity 3 Domains Bacteria Archea and Eukarya Eukarya Protista fungi plants animals Section 4 Ecology Populations Communities and ecosystems What are the important Processes How do the topics connect What themes run through the class What are populations Multiple individuals of one species Organism A single living individual Population Group of the same species of organism living in same place at same time Biosphere Global ecosystem parts of planet and its atmosphere where life is possible Ecosystem The living and nonliving components of an area Community All populations that occupy the same region includes all populations representing multiple species in same region Key components of communities Diversity Numbers of species Proportions of different kinds What species are present What is a Trophic Structure The trophic structure of a community concerns the feeding relationships among the various species making up the community 1 Species Composition 2 Number of different species Species richness 3 Species diversity high richness high evenness high diversity Species Diversity composition Ecologists use two measures to describe a community s diversity and species Diversity is made up of species richness and species evenness Species richness is the total number of species occupying a habitat Species evenness describes the proportion of a community that each species occupies Higher species diversity implies more resiliency In agriculture we create monocultures A community with high species evenness has a what of each species Equal number Occurs in an area where no community previously existed such as following What is Succession A gradual change in a community s species composition What is Primary succession a volcanic eruption Diversity and Composition Are Dynamic What is Pioneer species Such as lichens are the first to colonize the new area What are Lichens Symbiosis between a fungus and an algae Each regions has a typical climax community To study the biosphere is to look at the whole global ecosystem Do plants carry out cellular respiration Yes they require ATP like other living things and respiration generates ATP What is the Endosymbiotic Theory Chloroplast evolved from Endosymbiotic prokaryotes that had ability to photosynthesize What is the evidence for endosymbiosis Chloroplasts have their own DNA DNA is similar to a free living cyanobacteria Chloroplasts have a double membrane Evolution favored the development of photosynthesis because photosynthetic organisms Make there own food One of the byproducts of photosynthesis is Who does photosynthesis Oxygen Plants Algae Photosynthetic bacteria Who does photosynthesis When did each of these evolve Land Plants 475 million years ago Algae 2 billion Photosynthetic bacteria 3 8 billion Plants 475 million years ago Algae single celled eukaryotic organisms 2 7 billion years ago Photosynthetic bacteria 3 7 billion years ago Scientific revolution Carl Woese What are Ribosomes Basis of domains is the nucleotide sequences in ribosomes Many are present in a cell location of protein synthesis Made of RNA and proteins RNA is a sequence of nucleotides Sequences varies very slightly between closely related groups What are prokaryotes Singe celled organism that lacks a nucleus and membrane bounded organelles What is ecology The study of the relationships among organisms and the environment What do ecologists study Interactions at several levels Population genetics Concern with allele frequencies proportions in a population Rather than what is going on in an individual Numbers of individuals Numbers and density s area Rates of change Birth rate Death rate Community ecologist True Taylor wants to know how herbivores of different sizes affect the types of plants found in a certain area What sort of ecologist is Taylor True or False Studying allele frequencies is a way of studying a characteristic of a population Name some abiotic and biotic components of your environment Biotic squirrels trees many species people Abiotic oxygen water rain light storms Soil both biotic and abiotic living community Name some abiotic and biotic components of your environment Biotic deer population black bears humans plants spiders bacteria Abiotic rocks sand gravel fossils and weather rain wind temp and protists and algae Fungi kudzu vine tornados Soil both biotic and abiotic living community How many from this list would be abiotic Bears gravel sand birds tornados THREE What is a habitat The physical location where the members of a population live Palm trees grow in a sandy and dry habitat Penguins live in a rocky or icy habitat The number of individuals of a species per unit area or unit volume of a What is Population density habitat What is Birth rate The number of individuals produced per unit time Deaths and migrations out of the population decrease the population size What is death rate The number of deaths per unit time A population s age structure or distribution of age classes helps determine whether a population is growing stable or declining Ecologists also find it useful to determine population death rates Survivorship curves show the probability of dying at a given age A female octopus may lay 200 000 eggs When the eggs hatch they develop into larva that drifts with plankton The mortality rate among larvae is high What type of survivorship curve do octopuses have Type 3 What is a Biome Human population has grown exponentially for the last 2000 years Is the largest geographic biotic unit a major community of plants and animals with similar life forms and environmental conditions How many are there How formed Climate Main 8 Tropical Rainforest Tropical Savanna Desert Chaparral Grassland Temperate Deciduous Forest Temperate Boreal Forest Tundra Humans are in a group of placental mammals called primates Monkeys and apes are also primates Humans did not evolve from apes and no scientist Bone structure is homologous reflecting a common ancestor Anthropoids Old and new world monkeys Apes and humans Hominoids Apes Gibbons Orangutans Gorillas Chimpanzees Humans Differences between ape and human skeletons Human adaptations for bipedal life on the ground Complex curvature of the spine Shorter broader pelvis Foramen magnum at base of skull First