Chordates 3 groups invertebrates Lancelets Bladelike marine no cranium skull Tunicates stationary sac like no cranium Hagfish jawless fish marine Invertebrates Lancelets Tunicates Hagfish Vertebrates Most fishes Amphibians Reptiles Birds Mammals Groups of fish Bony fish Cartilaginous Hagfish Lamprey Cartilaginous fishes Cartilage skeleton Fast swimmers Poor eye sight Bony Fish breathing without swimming operculum covering gills gas exchange movement allows Swim bladder floatation without swimming sac filled with gas Lateral line system row of sensory organs detect water pressure change prey detection Poor sense of smell Lateral line system No operculum constantly swim Hagfish No jaws No backbone Represent early fishes marine Lamprey Has backbone Eel shaped attach to sides of fish suck blood Amphibians First vertebrates to colonize land Need water to complete life cycle lay eggs prevents moisture loss from eggs Also terrestrial Most skin helps with gas exchange lung function Transitional organism lobe finned fish muscular fish Reptiles non avian Lizards Snakes Alligators Turtles crocodile Avian Terrestrial adaptation evolved from 2 legged dinosaurs endothermic flight honey combed bones decrease in internal organ amniotic egg has all nutrients allows embryonic development life cycle completed on land scaled water proof skin non avian prevents dehydration Endothermic use own internal metabolism to regulate body Regulating body temp Ectothermic absorb heat Use environment to VS temp Regulate body temp Mammals terrestrial and aquatic first small nocturnal insect eaters active at night diversified after dinosaurs extinction common traits hair temp insulation regulation mammary gland nurse young Major groups of mammals Monotremes Marsupials Eutherians Monotremes egg laying EX Duck billed Platypus Marsupials pouch mammals embryo completes development in Eutherians placenta longer association between mother and pouch EX Kangaroos offspring EX Humans Human Evolution Homo genus all member are considered humans Various species lived together from about 2 5mya 1mya Only surviving species today Homo Sapiens Fossil evidence 1 8mya 5 species of Homo Sapiens coexisted in Africa Plant Anatomy and Function Angiosperm life cycle double fertilization Pollination haploid sperm pollen unites with haploid egg diploid egg Seed formation Seed embryo enclosed by endosperm Endosperm food containing tissue nourishes embryo Seed coat protective coating Cotyledons seed leaves Seed dormancy after seed develops development and growth stops until conditions are favorable increase odds of new offspring Fruit thickened mature ovary Fleshy fruit EX Tomatoes pears apples oranges watermelon strawberries grapes Dry fruit EX Beans nuts grains Seed germination roots emerge shoots emerge leaves emerge Angiosperms VS Monocots One cotyledon seed leaf Leaves Leaves Dicots eudicots Two Cotyledon Seed Plant organs Tissues working together Water minerals photosynthesis Main plant structures organs Roots Shoots Leaves Root system all roots Shoot system stems leaves leaves Root system allows plant to obtain water minerals Root Hairs smaller extension increase surface area Monocots fibrous root system Dicots larger man roots tap root stores starches EX Carrots Sweet potatoes and turnips Stems mainly above ground support leaves flowers Terminal bud tip of stem actively lengthening Axillary bud sides of stem usually dormant Apical dominance hormones produced by terminal bud inhibit growth of axillary buds Plant taller than bushier Pruning brushier growth eliminates terminal buds Modified stems Runners horizontal stems asexual reproduction Ex Strawberries Rhizomes Large horizontal underground stems stores food new plant production EX Ginger Tubers Enlarge ribosomes Ex Potatoes Bulb modified stem EX Onion Leaves Site of photosynthesis Blade main part of leaf Petiole joins leaf to stem EX Celery stalk Monocots leaf veins parallel Dicots leaf veins branched Leaf arrangement Simple Compound Doubly compound Modified leaves Tendrils climbing Cactus spines Other leaf structures Plant Tissues Vascular Dermal Ground Vascular Tissue Vascular bundles Stomata openings in bottom of leaf gas exchange Xylem tubes water transport root stem leaves Phloem tubes sugar transport leaves other plant parts Monocots scattered Dicots ring Dermal Tissues on outside protection prevents water loss Epidermis outer tissue layer Cuticle waxy coating on leaf prevents water loss Ground Tissue system on inside photosynthesis storage support Mesophyll ground tissue in leaves photosynthesis Cortex ground tissue in roots storage takes up water minerals