Chapter 1 CLP 4134 Study Guide Exam 1 further 1 Know what our primary goal is when treating children with a psychological disorder What level of developmental functioning are we attempting to achieve e g previous further a Not restoring children to how they were trying to push them Psychopathology 2 What was assumed to be the primary cause or attribution of children s disturbing behaviors in the 17th and 18th centuries a The church explained it as there inherently uncivilized and provocative nature possession by the devil and similar forces of evil 3 Be able to describe multifinality and equifinality Also be prepared to identify examples of each a Multifinality have similar early experiences but have very b Equifinality different early experiences lead to the same different outcomes ex early childhood maltreatment can lead to the development of different disorders outcomes ex genetics family or environmental causes can lead to a conduct disorder 4 Know what beliefs about children John Locke advanced a Children shouldn t receive harsh treatment instead they should be treated with thought and care children are emotionally sensitive beings 5 Know what key factors e g age we consider in Childhood behavioral theories a Poverty and socioeconomic disadvantage sex differences race and ethnicity culture child maltreatment and non accidental trauma adolescents and sexual minority youths lifespan implications 6 Know who is most often associated with psychodynamic and a Psychodynamic Sigmund Freud experience is related to b Behaviorism John Watson little Albert and conditioned fears psychopathology developmental perspective Also Pavlov with salivating dogs and Skinner 7 Be familiar with who is considered the Father of Behaviorism 8 Be familiar with what the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act is a John Watson and what it requires schools to do for individuals with special needs a Mandates free and appropriate public education for any child with special needs in the least restrictive environment for that child each child with special needs must be assessed with culturally appropriate tests each must have an individualized education program IEP tailored to their needs 9 Know the definition of a clinical disorder verbatim from the slides a A constellation of symptoms that co vary and are characterized by a particular symptom picture resulting in significant distress or impairment Is it specifiable by an onset course duration outcome response to treatment and familial psychosocial and biological correlates Chapter 2 1 Be familiar with each of the perspectives theoretical orientations that attempt to explain various behavior and or disorders a Biological perspectives neuroanatomy and genetics b Psychological perspectives emotion temperament behavioral c Family social and cultural perspectives shared vs nonshared cognitive environment attachment family systems 2 Be familiar with how neurons develop in the brain and how this interacts with the environment Also familiarize yourself with which areas of the brain develop first a Based on the environment that a child is in certain neurons will be used more often than others Those that are used get strengthen whereas those that are not are disposed of pruning This shows how the brain has neural plasticity b Primitive areas of the brain mature first and govern basic sensory and motor skills These along with instinctive centers like the limbic system are strongly affected by early childhood experiences and set the foundation for future development Prefrontal cortex not rewired until children are 5 to 7 years old and major restructuring occurs around puberty 9 to 11 years old 3 Know how we conceptualize genetic influences in childhood psychopathology i e probabilistic vs deterministic Also be familiar with what makes up genes what genes produce and how genes and the environment interact with one another a Genes are probabilistic not deterministic having a gene does not mean that you will 100 express the disorder this is mediated by the environment as well b A gene is a stretch of DNA that produces a protein which in turn produce tendencies to respond to an environment in a certain way So depending on the environment will determine whether a gene is expressed or not 4 Know what the brain structures listed in the Chapter 2 PowerPoint slides are responsible for In particular be familiar with what the limbic system basal ganglia cerebral cortex and brain stem are responsible for a Forebrain i Limbic system regulates emotion basic drives ii Basal ganglia regulates organizes and filters information related to cognition emotion mood and motor function iii Cerebral cortex planning reasoning and creating i Thalamus relay between forebrain and lower areas of the ii hypothalamus regulate behavior and emotion brain b Diencephalon c Brainstem autonomic functions to stay alive which hormones i e thyroxine is produced by the thyroid 5 Know which glands i e adrenal thyroid and pituitary produce a Adrenal gland produces epinephrine and cortisol stress b Thyroid gland produces thyroxine hunger c Pituitary gland estrogen and testosterone variety of disorders reactivity and be able to identify examples of each 6 Know the difference between emotional regulation and emotional a Emotional reactivity how one reacts to emotions individual differences in threshold and intensity of emotional experience b Emotional regulation how ones regulates their emotions enhancing maintaining or inhibiting emotional arousal usually for a specific purpose or goal 7 Know the potential causes of childhood disorders and how they interact a Biological emotional behavioral and cognitive and family cultural and ethnic influences Chapter 3 without validity 1 Know the difference between reliability and validity and which one you must have in order to have the other but not vice versa a Reliability consistent results over time b Validity measures what it is designed to c Can t have validity without reliability but can have reliability 2 Know the difference between treatment efficacy and treatment effectiveness Be familiar with which settings e g laboratory community one might be preferred over the other a Efficacy whether a treatment works in controlled setting b Effectiveness whether a treatment works in the real world c laboratory community In experiments greater efficacy effects because everything is being monitored all the time 3 Be able to define reliability and validity a Reliability