Study guide for test 2 BIO 182 ASU at the West campus Fall 2012 1 What are the evolutionary origins of leaves and roots Microphylls found in Lycophyta club mosses and Megaphylls Microphylls are known by a single strand of vascular tissue whereas megaphylls are known by a multiple strands Megaphylls thought to have originated by multiple microphylls growing over each other and fusing Origin of roots is unknown 2 What are the major adaptations plants have to live on land Vascular tissue allows plants to retrieve water and push it through the body without needing to be low to the ground in a very watery area Cuticle waxy covering on stems leave prevents water loss Pollen allows dispersal of gametes without need of water or flagella Stomata allows for adjustment on water loss depending on environmental conditions Pollinators allows for dispersal of gametes without water Roots allows for intake of water without being in a really watery area Symbiosis with fungi mychorizzae lichens Glomeromycota 3 What are the non vascular plant lineages and why is that term in quotation marks Collectively termed Bryophytes liverworts Hepiticophyta hornworts Anthercerophyta mosses Bryophyta All bryophytes have a dominant gametophyte and a dependent sporophyte Some mosses are actually vascular but we still label them as nonvascular seedless plants 4 What are homosporous and heterosporous plants Homosporous most Lycophyta and Pterophyta plants have one sporangia that produces two types of spores Bisexual Heterosporous all seed plants Anthophyta Cyadophyta Gingkophyta Gnetophyta Coniferophyta have two types of sporangia that produce each type of spore 5 What are the vascular seedless plant lineages Ferns Pterophyta Club mosses Lycophyta All have a dominant sporophyte and an independent free living but reduced gametophyte 6 What are the seed plant lineages Gymnosperms and angiosperms Anthophyta Cycadophyta Ginkgophyta Coniferophyta Gnetophyta All have a dominant sporophyte and microscopic gametophytes Anthophyta flowering plants Progymnosperms transitional species of seedless vascular plant that were heterosporous Cycadophyta large pines and palms not true palms Gingkophyta maidenhair tree only one living species Coniferophyta pine trees evergreens dominate north Gnetophyta weird shit like welwitschia 7 How did flowering plants evolve and what are their major groups To encourage pollination by animals insects symbiosis with insects Monocots parallel veination parts in sets of three scattered vascular bundles one cotyledon fibrous root system pollen grain with one opening Eudicots two cotyledons netlike veins vascular bundles in a ring taproot system pollen grain with three openings parts in 4 5 Anthophyta Weedy species are most likely to be self fertile 8 How has the relationship between the plant gametophyte and sporophyte changed over time Bryophytes Bryophyta Anthercerophyta Hepiticophyta dominant gametophyte Seedless vascular Lycophyta Pterophyta dominant sporophyte and independent but reduced gametophyte Seed plants Anthophyta dominant sporophyte 9 What is alternation of generations Gametophyte mitosis gametes fuse zygote sporophyte meiosis spores gametophyte 10 What are the functions of the gametophyte and sporophyte generations in a land plant Gametophyte produces gametes eggs and sperm Sporophyte produces spores to produce gametophytes 11 What is meristem tissue and why is it important Undifferentiated tissue in roots stems that allows for cell division if conditions permit Apical meristem in tip of roots and shoots primary growth Lateral meristem Secondary growth 12 What are the plant tissue types Vascular tissues collectively called the stele occurs as a solid vascular cylinder in roots and vascular bundles in shoots of angiosperms carries out transportation between roots shoots xylem transports water and minerals up phloem transports sugars Dermal tissue outer covering first line of defense against pathogens and physical damage single epidermis in non woody plants cuticle waxy coating on epidermal surface on leaves stems periderm replaces epidermis in older tissue in woody plants root hairs trichomes hairlike outgrowths of the shoot epidermis protect against insects by secreting sticky fluids toxic compounds Ground tissue tissues that are neither dermal nor vascular pith internal to vascular tissue cortex external to vascular tissue innermost layer of cortex endodermis functions storage photosynthesis support Tissue system unit connecting all plant organs and systems dermal ground vascular 13 What is the ABC hypothesis of flower development Floral identity genes A B C Identity genes regulate the growth of certain floral organs whorls Sepals A is active Petal A and B Stamen B and C Carpel C 14 What are perfect complete imperfect and incomplete flowers Complete flower has all four whorls petals sepals stamen carpel Incomplete missing at least one whorl Perfect has both stamen and carpel Incomplete missing at least one reproductive organ stamen carpel 15 What are dioecious and monoecious plants Monoecious male and female have separate parts but grow on same plant Corn Pumpkins Dioecious male and female on separate plants Marijuana 16 How have humans modified plants for their own uses historically and in modern times Historically conventional breeding mated them through generations until we get the results we want Modern removing genes gene guns bacteria viruses genetic engineering 17 What is primary and secondary growth in vascular plants Primary growth increase in height Occurs in non woody tissue Produces epidermis dermal vascular and ground tissue Secondary increase in girth Lignin Occurs in stems of woody plants Vascular cambium adds layers of vascular tissue called secondary xylem ie wood and secondary phloem and cork cambium replaces epidermis with periderm 18 What are the differences between monocots and eudicots Monocots Parallel veination one cotyledon fibrous root system multiples of three one opening on pollen grain scattered vascular bundles Eudicot netlike veination two cotyledons taproot system three openings circular vascular bundles multiples of 4 or 5 Dicots outdated classification now eudicots 19 How do flowering plants interact with animals Pollinators Having one species that pollinates one species is a high risk relationship and causes less gene flow which increases speciation 20 What are the defining traits of fungi and how are the major lineages of fungi identified All fungi