Pili surface appendages that allow a bacterium to stick to a surface Protection function of bacterium s capsule Nucleoid Region bacterium DNA is here proteins are synthesized in the ribosomes Cell wall rigid surface on outside of the plasma membrane that surrounds and supports the bacterial cell Plasma Membrane bacterial structure that acts as a selective barrier allowing nutrients to enter cell and wastes to leave Eukaryotic vs prokaryotic P has nucleoid E lysosome mitochondria nucleolus It overcomes its large size by compartmentalizing cellular functions into various organelles Both ribosomes plasma membrane flagella E cells tend to have much more extensive inner membrane systems and larger number of intracellular organelles that P cells Peroxisome detox center Vacuoles toxins are sequestered from the rest of the cell where they could do harm DNA doesn t normally cross the nuclear membrane Nuclear Envelope is composed of two lipid bilayer molecules pass into and out of the nucleus through nuclear pores nuclear pores are made up of a group of proteins that are collectively called the nuclear pore complex Passive Transport a small protein is injected into a cell and observed in the nucleus a short time later mRNA macromolecule that leaves nucleus of E cell through pores in nuclear membrane Smooth ER lipid synthesis poison detoxification calcium ion storage Rough ER protein synthesis Golgi Apparatus protein modification and sorting cisternal maturation Lysosomes Macromolecule digestion autophagy intracellular digestion Proteins insulin lysosomal enzyme ER protein are all synthesized by bound ribosomes Pathway of secretory proteins protein synthesis endoplasmic reticulum cis golgi cisternae medial golgi cisternae trans golgi cisternae plasma membrane extracellular space Endocytosis moves materials into a cell via membranous vesicles Pinocytosis the cell is engulfing extracellular fluid Peptidoglycan prokaryotic cell wall consists of cross linked polymers such as this which protect the cell and give it shape and rigidity Flagella E cells undergo an undulating motion and are covered by a plasma membrane P moves by rotating and lack a plasma membrane Cytoskeleton actin filaments intermediate filaments microtubules make it up in E cells Chloroplasts Mitochondria both have their own DNA have multiple membranes capable of reproducing themselves Mitochondria has reaction of pyruvate processing the citric cycle and the electron transport chain occur here Viruses can evolve because their genetic makeup responds to natural selection Collagen the most abundant protein found in the extracellular matrix of an animal cell Integrin integral membrane proteins that are attached to cytoskeletal proteins in the extracellular matrix Tight Junctions forms a barrier to the passage of materials Cell to cell attachment Could find in epithelium in animals stomach Desmosomes bind animal cells together Gap communication Junctions aid in the coordination of the activities of adjacent animal cells Plasmodesmata small channels between cells that are surrounds by walls enable movement of water and solutes between cells Cellulose a polysaccharide that s used to synthesize cell walls which protect cells and help maintain their shape Intracellular receptors cortisol passes through plasma membrane into cytoplasm cortisol receptor complex forms in cytoplasm cortisol receptor complex enters the nucleus where it binds to genes cortisol receptor complex acts as a transcription factor the transcribed mRNA is translated into a specific protein G protein receptors interacts directly with G proteins Receptor Tyrosine Kinases catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group to the receptor binding of the signaling molecule forms a dimer Both receptors binding site for signaling molecule is located on the extracellular side of the cell receptor is located in the plasma membrane Histamine binds extracellularly to the H1 receptor when it does this the receptor undergoes a conformation change and binds the inactive G protein once its active it binds to the enzyme phospholipase C activating it is likely hydrophilic Signal Molecule signal transduction pathway is initiated when it binds to a receptor Also known as a ligand Exergonic occurs spontaneously Endergonic requires a net input of energy Energy Coupling the use of energy released from an exergonic reaction to drive an endergonic reaction Cellular Redox electron acceptor is reduced reactant that is oxidized loses electrons changes in potential energy can be released as heat Ionic when lithium and fluorine combine to from lithium fluorine Hydrolysis reaction that breaks the bonds that join the phosphate group in an ATP molecule Cellular Respiration glucose is oxidized and oxygen is reduced Stages glycolysis acetyl CoA formation Citric Acid cycle oxidative phosphorylation Glucose has a large quantity of energy in its C H bonds Glycolysis net input NAD glucose ADP Net output pyruvate three carbon sugar NADH ATP Location in cytosol ATP is produced by substrate level phosphorylation There is a net gain of 2 ATP It is activated when cellular energy levels are low the regulatory enzyme phosphofructokinase is inhibited by ATP Can take place in the absence of oxygen Acetyl CoA formation net input pyruvate NAD coenzyme A net output acetyl CoA CO2 NADH Location in mitochondrial matrix Citric Acid Cycle net input ADP NAD acetyl CoA net output ATP CO2 NADH coenzyme A location in mitochondrial matrix Most of the CO2 from the catabolism of glucose is realeased Oxidative Phosphorylation net input ADP NADH O2 Net output ATP NAD water Location in inner mitochondrial membrane NADH high energy electron carrier that s reduced during glycolysis pyruvate processing and the citric acid cycle and which carries electrons to the electron transport system 2 are produced by glycolysis Competitive Inhibition involves binding of a regulatory molecule to the active site A llosteric Regulation a regulation in regulatory molecule binds to different location Cellular Metabolism reactions of the Krebs cycle take place in the mitochondrial matrix in the electron transport chain electrons decrease in energy level as they are transferred from one electron carrier to the next glycolysis is inhibited when cellular energy levels are abundant Electron Transport chain series of redox reactions Fermentation produces lactate and NAD Pyruvate is reduced and NADH is oxidized Cells will use this pathways when ETC electron