Exam 3 Study Guide Zooplankton o Multi cellular heterotrophs carried by currents vertical migrators herbivores carnivores omnivores o Copepods dominant zooplankton consume more than half their body weight per day o Krill live in upper water column whale food southern ocean o Pteropods winged snails mucous net feeding structure gelatinous lost the shell o Salps form chains surrounded by jelly house o Ctenophores comb jellies transparent bioluminescent o Planktonic foraminifera feed on phytoplankton small zooplankton calcium carbonate shell Invertebrates o Porifera sponges No true tissue Colony of organisms Spongin Ancestral sponges Slight specialization of cells collar amoeboid Landmark evolutionary event multi cellular sponges arose from single celled protozoa Choanocytes collar cells similar to choanoflagellates Ancient choanoflagellates close relatives to the ancestor of all animals Suspension feeders filter plankton from large volumes of water No digestive circulatory respiratory or nervous system Flagellum in collar cells filters water through the central cavity Spicules of calcium carbonate silica for structure o Cnidaria coral jellyfish sea anemones siphonophores Cnidoblasts stinging cells capture prey Sea wasp box jellyfish can kill a human in 3 minutes Sea anemone Hermatypic coral animals Symbiotic relationship with clownfish o Mucous coating on the fish protects it from the stinging o Anemone protects the fish and provides food o Fish cleans the anemone Symbiotic Dinoflagellates zooxanthellae o Photosynthesize and grow within the host cell providing oxygen carbohydrates and alkaline pH o Coral provides carbon dioxide nutrients and safe environment Grow in shallow well lit waters At night tentacles extend to catch particles of food Bleaching from elevated temperatures loss of zooxanthellae o Can t survive long without them o Great Barrier Reef 2 mass bleaching events affecting 60 95 of reefs o Recovery takes decades o Platyhelminthes flatworms flukes tapeworms o Nematoda roundworms o Annelida segmented worms Digestive tract with mouth and anus Polychaetes Marine sediments Detritivores and carnivores Tube dwelling polychaetes feather dusters o Secrete a carbonate tube as they bore into carbonate structures o Suspension feeders o Breathe and catch food using antennae o Fast nerve responses o Mollusca chitons snails bivalves squid octopuses Major classes Bivalves suspension feeders clams oysters mussels o Mussel Water Program monitor pollution o Some have zooxanthellae Gastropods grazers suspension feeders predators abalone conchs whelks limpets o Some attach to rocks Cephalopods predators squid octopus nautilus o Arthropoda crabs shrimp barnacles copepods krill Exoskeleton made of chitin animals must molt in order to grow Crab molting Hormones released Hypodermis detaches from shell and produces enzymes to dissolve shell Inner soft shell forms under hard shell Seeks shelter Absorbs water so tissues swell and split shell open Backs out of old shell Pumps water into tissues to inflate shell to new size 1 3 larger shell forms Horseshoe crab 455 million years old Predator red knot Spawn on beaches some organisms eat the eggs o Longest migration pattern o Relies on horseshoe crab eggs o Both have declined since the 1990 s Blue blood o Limulus Amebocyte Lysate binds and clots around bacteria Gram negative bacteria only Screening test for bacterial contamination Trilobite fossil 500 million years old 90 fossils are invertebrates 90 of organisms who lived on Earth are extinct Great mass extinctions Ordovician Devonian Permian Triassic Cretaceous Eocene Causes Asteroids volcanism sea level fluxes o Echinodermata sea stars sea urchins sea cucumbers No eyes heart or brains Water vascular system that works as a hydraulic power system Regeneration of arms Carnivores detritivores suspension feeders Examples Basket starfish suspension feeder Purple sea urchin poisonous spines grazers carnivores detritivores Sea cucumber holothurian detritivores o Chordata tunicates salps Vertebrates o Chordata fish reptiles birds mammals Class Chondrichthyes rays sharks skates Cartilage skeleton No swim bladder Manta Ray plankton Whale shark largest fish plankton feeder Great White Shark carnivore Bony fish o Lionfish invasion Native to the Pacific entered Caribbean in mid 90s Dispersion along the Gulf Stream Reproduce every 55 days Spines toxic Not picky large appetite o Yellowfin Tuna Fast swimming because of tear drop shape Warm blooded temperature about seawater temperature Can swim at 60 mph Marine Mammals Cetaceans whales porpoises dolphins o Baleen whales no teeth feed on small benthic organisms Blue whale eats 3 tons of krill per day Heart is the size of a small car o Toothed whales Narwhal Echolocation to find prey Male has a 2 3 meter long incisor tooth protruding from the jaw o Secondary sexual characteristic Works like sonar measuring time delay between sound emission and echoes that return Ears positioned slightly apart sounds return at different times volumes depending on object s position Turbulence Flow o Disk shape creates drag and friction o Sphere improvement from the disk but still drags o Teardrop cuts through the water at the front and the water can flow around it Breathing underwater o High respiration rates to supply energy needed for swimming o Countercurrent flow direction of blood flow through the capillaries is opposite of direction of water flow Deep scattering layer depth change due to vertical migrators o Sound scattering layers due to organisms producing a false bottom Vertical Migration zooplankton and other small animals stay deep during the day to avoid predators and the sunlight reaches deeper during the day and move to the surface at night to feed o Copepods about 70 total mesopelagic zooplankton Live about 2 3 months Hydrothermal vent and seep communities o Axes of ridge and rise systems plate boundaries mostly o Mostly independent from photosynthesis in the surface ocean o Supported by the base of the food system chemosynthetic bacteria o Black smokers emit sulfide minerals that precipitate in cold waters Geochemical processes release compounds that give chemosynthetic bacteria energy H2S o Chemosynthetic bacteria become source of nutrition for populations of animals o Chemoautotrophs fix CO2 by using hydrogen sulfide o Tubeworm Riftia No head or anus Trophosome has chemosynthetic bacteria 1 2 meters o Colonizing vent communities Larvae drifting with bottom