Marine Science Test 2- Lecture 8 to lecture 13- 60 points- 14 points identify photo and phylum or kingdom, just common name- Definition/fill in the blanks- 4 short answer, 3 pts each (looking for 3 pieces of info. =name 3 characteristics that show animals in the phylum Mollusca are related-flow through digestive tract, foot, shell)More Notes- Shark body plano Fusiform-torpedo shaped, fast swimmingo Dorsoventrally flattened-hide in the sand, slower swimming, tend to be benthico Big vs. small- Colorationo Pelagic species Blue or blueish-gray in color Basking sharko Benthic sharks  gray or sand colored zebra horn shark- Shark senseso Sight: can regulate light entering the retina, can see in coloro Smell: use two olfactory rosetteso Hearing: low frequency and irregularly pulsed soundso Ampullae of Lorenzini: detect week electrical fields, are attracted to prey by vibrations in water- Shark vs. bony fish chartKnow for Test- Class Chondrichthyes=cartilage fish- Difference between class Agnatha and Chondrichthyes, Chondrichthyes have jaws and paired fins- How color and shape relates to environment they live in- Largest of the sea skates/sharks eat plankton (swim slowly, plankton is so abundant they don’t exert energy or hunt, feed constantly, extra energy makes them big)- Caudal fin used for propulsion, pectoral fin aids in lift- Difference between male and female (obvious)- Whale shark=suspension feeder=filter feeder, know structures that allow them to filter phytoplankton out of water- Know senses (Ampullae of Lorenzini)- 3 problems all animals encounter- Chordatao Vertebrates and invertebrateso Larvaceans, salps, and tunicates=invertebrates, suspension feeders, recognize their appearance. Tunicates are not a sponge=two body openingso Vertebrates-ectothermic (cold blooded take on temp of surroundings) vs. endothermico Class Agnatha=lacking jaw, no paired appendages/fins, snakes-hagfishand lampreys appearanceo Difference between skate or ray (ray=big)- Know chart- Echinodermatao Sea cucumbers 1, 2, 3 interesting facts-defensive vomiting (incapicate-confuse) breath through anus have little finish living in their anuso Includes sea stars, brittle stars, sea urchins, etco Don’t have to know all specific classeso Have pentaramous symmetry=symmetry in 5 parts, sea cucumbers have 5 sets of feet, etco Recognize sea star, sea urchino Water-vascular system- Chaetognathao Arrow worms, recognizeo Hermaphroditeo Called arrow worms-shaped like an arrow, dart after prey, fast movingo Inject toxins through bristles, eat copepods other arrow worms small jellies- Arthropodao Joint footo Difference between these and molluscs=jointed appendageso Know what molting iso 3 things to remember more evolutionary advanced b/c their big exoskeleton is a hardshell made of chitin, very strong, lightweight striated muscle-quick, strong light-weight, allows rapid movement and flight articulation-appendages bend at specific points; not ball and socket; but each joint along an appendage moves….o Recognize copepods, krill, tell everything except water flea (crab larva-meroplanktonic, adult-benthic)- Molluscao Clams, snails, octopuses, squido Gastropoda, Bivalvia, Celphalopodao All have digestive tract, some kind of foot, and some kind of shello Sea butterflies Pteropods- recognize pictureo Bivalves Clams=suspension feederso Cephalopods Head surrounded by foot divided into tentacleso Recognize squid, octopuso Octopus=why most intelligent? Camouflage, bipedal locomotion even though they have 8 legs, behavioral adaptations and protective coloration- NO early stuff on lecture 10- Annelidao Difference between this and nematode=segmentation, Annelids segmentedo Difference between nematode and flatworms (platyhelmeinthis)=Nematodes have first flow through digestive systemo Recognize polychaete worms- Nematodao Round wormso Flow through digestive system- Platyhelmintheso Recognize- Ctenophorao Comb jellies o Recognizeo Ctenes=comb rows of celiao NOT jellyfisho Hermaphroditic- Cnidariao Jellyfisho Sea anemoneso Coralso Cnidoblasts-stinging cells that immobilize preyo Get rid of waste through their mouths/openingo Radial symmetryo 2 body forms: medusa and polypso jellyfish are medusa, recognizeo sea anemones, corals are polyps, recognizeo corals=reef-building, zooxanthellae-photosynthetic dinoflagellates, provide 98% of the coral’s nutrition, require warm water,temperatures great than 18-20 degrees C, warm, room temp, threatened by overfishing, nutrient pollution, collisions by boats, grazing by star fish, storms, erosion, coral bleaching- lecture 9o transition to animalso protists-single celled kingdomo ciliates-no phylum, in the Protista kingdom, recognizeo recognize tinntinnido recognize foraminiferans, kingdom Protista, spikey/globbeyo radiolarians, kingdom Protista, recognizeo know sizes, micro, mesoz, macroo 70% of all zooplankton biomass is copepodso meroplankton vs. holoplanktono crab larvae recognizeo adult state of crab=benthico NO sampling questionso Holoplankton-copepods- Lecture 8o Temp-Q10 definitiono Polar bear=endothermo Dissolved nutrients-Redfield Ratioo C, H, O in all organic matter, N used for protein, why do we use all of these?o Limiting nutrients definition, must have word rate in the answero Osmosis, diffusion, difference between passive and active transport definitionso Ph of sea water=8.1o CO2 to water=carbonic acido Slide 32 diagram, fill in all blanks, equationo Gases in sea, slide 50 diagram, near surface O is much higher than CO2b/c of photosynthesis, CO2 increases with depth b/c of respirationSponges=suspension feeders, most primitive of all true