Exam 2 Study Guide 5 Kingdom system based off phenotypic characteristics o Fungi Animalia Platae Protista Monera Domain System based on genotypic characteristics sequencing rRNA o 3 domains Eukarya Archaea microorganisms Discovered by Carl Woese Slightly different metabolism and cell wall characteristics Bacteria microorganisms o Gives information on evolutionary descent o Phylogenetic tree Gives a universal ancestor Branches indicative of time Prokaryotes bacteria and archaea o No membrane bound organelles chloroplasts mitochondria nucleus o Nucleoid single chromosome o Ribosomes have compositional differences o Smaller cell size o Plasmids short segments of DNA that can give them resistance to antibiotics o Evolve rapidly Eukaryotes multi cellular organisms o Mitochondria have prokaryotic origin Darwin s observations for his theory of evolution by natural selection o More offspring are produced than can survive to adulthood o Random variation occurs and can be passed on to offspring o Inheritable traits increase an organism s ability to survive and are favorable o Favorable traits are selected for o The environment controls which traits are favorable Synonymy tracing an organism to the first person who classified it Food chain single link to next level Flow of energy and matter o Traced through trophic relationships Trophic levels o Primary producers phytoplankton diatoms o Primary consumers o Secondary consumers Fisheries deplete resources of lower levels and force higher level organisms to find other supplies of food Trophodynamics tracing of trophic relationships Food Webs o Consumer can occupy more than one trophic level o Protozoan single celled organism o Metazoan multi celled organisms o Average trophic level 2 1 or 2 2 Trophic pyramid CO2 o There is only about a 10 energy transfer to each level o The other energy is given off as heat and 90 of carbon is given off as o Trophic transfer is different in different marine food webs Observing marine organisms o Plankton nets organisms caught are observed in petri dishes o Small plankton viewed on flat filters POSH Port outboard starboard home o References what side of the ship the sun is shining on Microscopy used to determine abundance in water samples o Can t identify living dead cells Flow cytometer sort sizes and identifies cells o More versatile than microscopy Diatoms o Efficient at light harvesting and converting it to chemical energy About 55 o Use of accessory pigments xanthophylls o Frustules made of silica Sink rapidly o Biogenic sediments hard parts of marine organisms o Pores vary in size o Nanotechnology How do diatoms build at the nanoscale They use organic molecules as templates for silica o Diatomaceous earth deposition Fossilized remains of diatoms easily crumbled into a fine Forms by the accumulation of amorphous silica frustules of Wilhelm Berkefeld used it to filter water during a cholera powder diatoms epidemic Today it is used to filter swimming pools Alfred Nobel used diatomite to absorb nitroglycerin for safer transport dynamite Earth s climate affected by dust in the atmosphere a fair amount is from diatomaceous earth o Diatom cell division Asexual once per day Cell size decreases during cell division Produce sexually by generating auxospores when they become too small and too dense o Responsible for 30 40 of marine primary production Dinoflagellates o Single celled autotrophs and some heterotrophs o Flagella 2 o Some bioluminescent o Types of tides Red tides produced neurotoxins 109 cells per liter in order to see it Neurotoxic shellfish poisoning Brown tide block light penetration without harmful toxins Redfield Ratio o 106 16 1 150 o C N P O2 Coccolithophores o Reflect sunlight o Form biogenic sediments Most of the carbonate rock on Earth o Small calcified plates coccoliths o Most blooms happen at the beginning of the spring because they then have enough sunlight with nutrients Picoplankton most abundant plankton 2 2 micrometers Virus about 160 nanometers o Bacteriophage infects bacteria cells o Abundance 1010 particles per liter o Can t self replicate Bacteria o Abundance 109 cells per liter Primary Productivity o Light dark bottle technique Light bottles are performing photosynthesis and respiration while dark bottles are only consuming oxygen for respiration o Net Primary Production NPP productivity of photosynthetic organisms Net Community production is a better term Includes heterotroph respiration o If there is less light will there be more or less chlorophyll in a diatom More because they need more chlorophyll to harvest the small o Gross Primary Production GPP net primary production minus amount of light respiration Assumes NPP and R are only from phytoplankton o Compensation depth GPP minus respiration equals zero No Primary Production occurring Base of photic zone o Higher concentration of nutrients lower in water column some places but not as much light o Primary productivity varies with depth High latitude waters o Late spring blooms o What limits PP in these waters Light There are enough nutrients in the winter but has to wait for light in the spring o Do limiting factors change throughout the year Yes the water is mixed thoroughly in the winter so in the spring there is plenty of nutrients and finally enough light In summer nutrients begin to run out and there is less mixing because of solar heating stratifying the water column Distribution of nutrients o Influenced by vertical mixing Restricted by strong density gradients stratification o Strong temperature gradient thermocline Prevents mixing of nutrients from deep waters into surface waters o Become depleted in surface waters because of biological utilization Grazing Food Chain Microbial Loop o Dissolved organic matter is a large reservoir Heterotrophic bacteria use it for energy o Regenerates nutrients N P Fe o Mineralization fixed organic carbon to unfixed inorganic carbon o Aids the biological pump through greater fish production and particle fluxes o Total primary production About half goes through microbial loop Marine Food Web o Top down predation controls population size o Bottom up resources control population size o Glass fiber filter device that separates POM from DOM Non living material o 50 70 carbon is organic in the surface waters o DOC POC 90 1 The Biological Pump o Estimate of how much carbon is fluxing in and out of surface waters into the deep ocean o Most carbon stored in the deep waters and in sediments in