Exam 2 PPT 1 notes How do you get a crude indication of trade or trade decisions Compare the number of recorded indian white battles with the number of indian white treaties What was the First Seminole War 1817 1819 Spanish got FL back from the British and held it until the First Seminole War Jackson led force into N FL to recapture escaped slaves living among the Seminoles but the Seminoles resisted Members of other civilized tribes were allied with US US seized Spanish held Pensacola and St Marks soon after Spain Ceded FL territory in Transcontinental Treaty of 1819 What was the Removal Act Signed by Andrew Jackson in 1830 allowed the president to grant unsettled land West of the Mississippi in exchange for indian lands within existing state borders Settlers swarmed into territories taking land from many indians War broke out but squatters chased indians into forests and swamps Federal troops backed the squatters When did removals occur 1830 1842 What was the Second Seminole War 1835 1842 Caused by Seminole chiefs refusing to move after the Treaty of Paynes Landing Several important battles over 7 years When was the Mexican American War 1846 1848 When was the Civil War 1861 1865 What was the first contacts like between indians and European settlers First contacts generally did not result in situations requiring negotiation or fighting What was early trade like between indians and European settlers Early settlers recognized the value of negotiating with the indians and vice versa European disease devastated many Eastern tribes In the early 19th century US Gov made efforts to protect indian rights and avoid costly wars What happened to negotiations between indians and European settlers in later 1800 s Declined Some trade continued through the 1860 s but in 1871 Congress voted to ratify no more treaties with indians because the cost of fighting was less than the cost of negotiating and indians could offer little that couldn t be taken for less Who were the 5 Civilized Tribes of the Southeast Cherokees Chickasaws Choctaws Creeks and Seminoles Farmed what is now Alabama Georgia North Florida Mississippi and parts of the Carolinas apparently for centuries What was the Southeast like before 1800 White settlers could settle in the plain barrens of coastal FL and GA and the coastal lowlands of Carolina without much resistance because this land was useless to indians for agriculture Before 1800 white settlement was limited to this area Some indian involved wars occurred but mostly because indians got involved in What is the story of Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa Shawnee brothers who made a pan tribal resistance to stop Native Americans from European Wars selling land to US While Tecumseh was in the south getting support of other tribes US Governor Harrison attacked his brother Tenskwatawa and his followers defeating them in the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811 Americans hoped this victory would end militant resistance but instead Tecumseh openly allied with Britain who soon fought Americans in the War of 1812 What was the Creek War 1813 1814 Started as inter tribal conflict but with encouragement from Tecumseh became a struggle against American expansion What happened to Cherokee land after the American Revolution lost a lot of land Part of the reduction resulted from siding with the British and some was caused by disease How did white incentives change in the Southeast Before 1819 US Government wanted tribes as allies acting as a buffer between the Spanish occupying parts of FL and the expanding US territories in the North However after the First Seminole war Spain lost FL to the US so using the tribes as a buffer was no longer needed What were effects of the invention of the Cotton Gin Invented by Eli Whitney 1793 Encouraged large scale cotton farming in the South It increased the value settlers placed on the land so more white farmers arrived demanding access to tribal territories INITIALLY Government bargained for the land What was the Choctaw experience regarding their land and US expansion In 1816 ceded some Eastern land not occupied by many Choctaw residents White demand grew so US Government sent 3 commissions to bargain with Choctaws for land but they refused to give more In 1819 US sent another commission offering Choctaws land West of the Mississippi in exchange for land the tribe only used for hunting How did conflict arise between Choctaws and the white settlers who wanted their land Settlers wanted more land than Choctaws would offer so squatters took the land without permission Conflict began between squatters and indians and state governments sided with the What was the Johnson vs McIntosh case 1823 Ruled that indians has no rights in property using US traces to royal land squatters grants What action did the Supreme court take in 1832 Considered the assertion of state rights over native territories and actually upheld limited Cherokee sovereignty Andrew Jackson ignored this ruling and pushed removal What were the costs of fighting for early settlers Early settlers had to fight their own battles sometimes with support of state militia So they were reluctant to push too hard US created an Army during the War of 1812 however and was willing to use it in the Southeast for the First Seminole War State governments and settlers were willing to push harder because they expected support from the Army What was the Trail of Tears There were actually many trails of tears resulting from estimated 100 000 Cherokee Choctaw Chickasaw Creek and Seminole indians being forced to move 1 4 to 1 3 of them dies during the march or shortly after What was the Treaty of Moultrie Creek 1823 Placed Seminoles under protection of US Government and gave up all claim to FL land in exchange for a 4 million acre reservation money and allowing 5 bands to stay on the Apalachicola River Many Seminoles resisted but by 1827 most were moved What was the Treaty of Paynes Landing 1832 ratified 1834 Treaty to move reservation Seminoles West to the Creek Reservation if land was suitable Treaty was ratified and Apalachicola villages moved but Seminole Chiefs refused What happened in the Third Seminole War 1855 May 8 1858 Fl authorities continued to push expansion Seminoles limited contact with whites War breaks out when Seminoles attack troops patrolling the reservation Cash payments are offered to encourage Seminoles to move West 4 bands accept What happened as Whites moved West The pattern of trade and then raid repeats