02 27 2014 Identity A persistent sameness within one s self and a sharing of one s essential character with others Three most important characteristics in adolescent friendships Intimacy Mutual understanding Loyalty Identity Issues Vocational issues Political Ideology Spiritual Ideology Self in relation to others need to know how you come across to other people Sexual identity Ethnic identity Body image Interests The process of Identity Formation Involves Crisis exploration a period of role experimentation and active exploration of possibilities or alternatives Commitment making a choice among alternatives Identity Statuses Identity Achievement Commitment made and crises experienced o The individual has resolved his her identity crisis and made commitments to particular goals beliefs and values Moratorium no commitment made and is experiencing crises o The individual is actively raising questions and seeking answers Enduring commitments have not been made Foreclosure commitment made and no crises experienced o The individual seems to now who she he is but has latched onto an identity prematurely without exploration Diffusion no commitment made and no crises experienced o The person has not yet thought about or resolved identity issues and has failed to chart directions in life Most adolescents move from foreclosure or diffusion to either achieved or moratorium between mid teens and mid twenties One can be in a different identity status for various identity domains Relationship between parenting style and identity status Authoritative democratic parenting correlated with identity achievement give child a voice children are more likely to figure out their identity earlier than other parenting styles Authoritarian parenting correlated with identity foreclosure parents who are strict their word is final kid no exploration of their own Permissive parenting correlated with identity diffusion neglectful Achievement and Moratorium Statuses Higher self esteem Feel more in control View education favorably More capable of sustaining intimate relationships Foreclosure Status Dogmatic rigid defensive Fear rejection Diffusion status Less capable of intimacy Avoid making personal decisions Confused Poor academic performance Poor time management More likely to abuse drugs and alcohol Privileged but Pressured Children of poverty more likely to have Poor physical health Deficits in cognitive development and academic achievement Mental illness and antisocial behavior Hostile family interactions Children of affluence are more likely to experience more than 100 000 Less emotional closeness with parents Less supervision by parents Being over scheduled in activities Parents who are less available Excessive demands for achievement Fewer family activities and interaction Romantic and Sexual Rel in Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood 02 27 2014 Disclaimer heterosexual Overview Romantic relationships in developmental context Nonromantic sexual relationships Sexual health and sexual development What is a romantic relationship Mutually acknowledged ongoing interactions Affection current or anticipated sexual behavior Distinctive intensity limerence warm and fuzzy when thinking about them can feel sick of feeling if rejected o Today I caught myself smiling for no reason then I realized I was thinking about you o My heart stops when you look at me When and why do we start dating First crush can happen as early as preschool But dating beings in adolescence o 25 by age 12 o 50 by age 15 o 68 75 by age 18 Why don t we start dating in preschool o They are cognitively prepared to date o Familial biological societal factors and dating begins in adolescence o Puberty emergence of sexual feelings o Cognitive understanding of romance o Familial expectation o Societal expectations What is a normal heterosexual developmental path for dating Relationship duration o 5 months for those younger than 14 o 14 15 8 months o 16 and older 21 months o older you are the longer the relationship o A typical timeline from first date to marriage 15 first kiss first date 17 I love you and lose virginity 18 first serious relationship adolescents they don t know what love is perspective 26 marriage women 28 men Cohabitation Initiation attraction desire middle school dating hold hands in hallway Affiliation group setting which lets them learn how to interact with opposite sex Intimate leave peer group and focus on couple Committed Development for Gay and Lesbian Adolescents 8 first aware of difference 10 first same sex attraction 14 first self labeling 14 disclosure to someone close usually female friend 15 first disclosure to a parent 15 same sex sexual activity 18 same sex romantic relationship Why is dating in adolescence important Development of sexuality explore sexual behaviors Attachment romantically securely or insecurely attached to Identity development romantic partner better relationships with parents better romantic relationships Positive effects on development o Positive affect o Self esteem o Social competence Negative effects on development o Depression best predictor of first depressive end of romantic relationship o Conflict and mood swings What distinguishes a good relationship from a bad Good o Kissing o Communication o Low aggression o Know when its over Bad o Lack of affection o Self silencing don t speak of due to starting a conflict o Aggression o Rejection sensitivity don t want to end it due to fear you wont get anyone else What other types of relationships Hookups Booty calls One night stand Friends with benefits Sex with an ex Hooking up Taking over college campuses The end of courtship the majority of college students have hooked up contemporary college students more likely to have casual partner friend less likely to have a regular sexual partner Hookups aren t what you think the majority of college students have also been in a long term relationship majority of sex during college occurs in romantic relationships College students think their peers are hooking up more than they are 50 hookup in a given year Why do we hook up Relationship avoidance Sex Relationship simplicity Emotional connection Practical benefits don t need to spend money on relationship things Evaluate potential partners Alcohol Navigating hookup culture Realistic expectation Attitudes behavior consistency Alcohol use Kissing Using protection Sexual behaviors Kissing Touching Sex How do sexual behaviors develop across adolescence 14 15 first