Delaina Storey Bio 1406 Test 1 Review Ch 1 Scientific Inquiry A search for new info explanations 2 main types Discovery Science Scientist observe and describe some aspect of the world then use inductive reasoning to draw general conclusions Hypothesis Based Science Seeking explanations for the observations inductions formed through discovery science by deductive reasoning Inductive reasoning deriving generalizations from a large number of specific observations i e The sun always rises in the east Deductive Reasoning using a general idea to make a conclusion about a specific case Observation the flashlight isn t working Hypothesis the flashlight needs new batteries inductive reasoning Prediction IF I put batteries in the flashlight THEN it will work deductive reasoning Then we test to see if our hypothesis was false and make new discoveries based on eliminating through falsification Controlled experiment experiment where experimental group is compared to a control group Limitations of Science Science requires hypotheses are testable and falsifiable and that observations and experimental results are re creatable Theory Broader than a hypothesis General so it can lead to new testable hypotheses Supported by a much greater body of evidence than a hypothesis Scientific Assumptions The events of the physical universe have natural causes Events follow natural laws Natural laws are uniform through time and space Delaina Storey Biology the scientific study of life Characteristics of all living things 1 Have order 2 Adapt evolve 3 Energy processing 4 Homeostasis regulation 5 Grow develop 6 Reproduce 7 Respond to environment 5 Unifying themes of Biology Organization Information Energy Matter Evolution Interactions Theme Organization New properties emerge at each successive level of biological organization Emergent Properties with each step upward new properties emerge as a result of interaction among components at lower levels Reductionism complex systems are broken into simpler components for study Atom smallest unit of everything living or non living Molecule atoms paired together Cell smallest unit of life Tissue organized array of cells that interact in a collective task Organ structural unit of interacting tissues i e heart Organ System a number of organs interacting together i e heart veins vessles capillaries arteries create cardiovascular system Organism individual consisting of more than one cell multiple organ systems working together Population all individuals of a species in a given area Community All populations of all species in a given area Ecosystem Community interacting with its physical environment through the transfer of energy and materials Biosphere Earth Atmosphere Systems Biology Analysis of the interactions among the parts of a biological system Used to explore emergent properties Delaina Storey Structure and Function Structure and Function are related at all levels of biological hierarchy The Cell is an organism s basic unit of structure function The activities of organisms are based on the activities of their cells i e cell division is the basis of reproduction Theme Information Life s processes involve the expression and transmission of genetic information nucleotides w a five carbon sugar pentose 3 phosphate groups and 1 of 4 nitrogen containing bases A T C G make up DNA the universal genetic language common to all organisms Structured as a double helix with bases on the inside and a sugar phosphate backbone Different orders of nucleotides in these make individuals unique genes determine the structure of 1 protein which encodes a specific function in the cell Gene Expression is the process of converting info from the gene to cellular product allele more than one different form of the same gene chromosomes in eukaryotes DNA and proteins form chromosomes a twisted double strand of condensed DNA Genome All DNA of a particular individual Theme Energy Matter Life requires the transformation of energy and matter Nutrients Chemicals cycle i e minerals acquired by a tree will eventually be returned to the soil by decomposers Energy is a one way flow not a cycle Sunlight Light Energy Producers Chem energy Heat Energy Consumers Heat Energy Theme Interactions From ecosystems to molecules interactions are important to biological systems Ecosystem each organisms interacts with others as well as with the environment Molecules Feedback regulation the output product of a process regulates that very process Negative feedback as more of a product accumulates the process that creates it slows and less of the product is produced Delaina Storey Taxonomy Core Theme Evolution Evolution accounts for the unity and diversity of all life Did King Phillip Come Over For Good Sex Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Domains Prokaryotes single celled and lack a membrane bound nucleus Bacteria the most numerous organisms on earth Archaea resemble bacteria but are more evolutionarily related to eukaryotes extreme environments Eukaryotes Consist of cells that have a membrane bound nucleus These are larger and more complex than prokaryotes DNA in nucleus Domains Eukarya Kingdoms Fungi eukaryotic consumers that secrete substances to break down food outside their body Most are multi celled Plantae multi celled typically photosynthetic producer with cell wall Animalia multi celled consumer that develops through a series of stages and moves about during part of its life not a real kingdom Protista member of a diverse group of simple eukaryotes Range from microscopic to single celled Darwin s observations Individuals of a population vary in traits many of which are heritable More offspring are produced than can survive Species generally suit their environment Darwin s inferences Delaina Storey Individuals best suited to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce Over time more individuals in a population will have advantageous traits Evolution occurs as the unequal reproductive success of individuals Darwin s 2 main points Species showed evidence of descent with modification from common ancestors Natural selection is the mechanism behind descent with modification Evolution is a process of change that transforms life It is genetic change over generations due to natural selection Ch 2 Basic Structure of an atom The atom is the smallest unit of matter that still retains the properties of an element It is made up of subatomic particles Protons and Electrons are in number