Words chapter 13 Definition Heredity Variation Genetics Gene s Gametes Somatic Cells Locus Asexual Reproduction Clone Sexual Reproduction Life Cycle Karyotype Sex Chromosomes Autosomes Homologous Chromosomes Homologs transmission of traits from one generation to the next differences between members of the same species the scientific study of heredity and hereditary variations a discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA or RNA in some viruses the vehicles that transmit genes from one generation to the next all cells of the body except the gametes and their precursors a gene s specific location along the length of the chromosome a single individual is the sole parent and passes copies of all its genes to its offspring without the fusion of gametes group of genetically identical individuals two parents give rise to offspring that have unique combinations of genes inherited from the 2 parents generation to generation sequences of stages in the reproductive history of an organism from conception to production of its own offspring a display of the chromosome pairs of a cell arranged by size and shape 2 chromosomes of a pair have the same length centromere position and staining pattern X and Y chromosomes other chromosomes aside from the sex chromosomes Diploid Cells Haploid Cells Fertilization meiosis Meiosis I II Crossing Over Chiasmata Alternation of generations Synaptonemal Complex Synapsis Recombinant Chromosome any cell with 2 chromosome sets gametes that contain a single set of chromosomes union of gametes culminating in fusion of their nuclei a modified type of cell division in sexually reproducing organisms consisting of 2 rounds of cell division but only 1 round of DNA replication It results in cells with half the number of chromosomes set as the original cell a second type of life cycle plants and some algae exhibit Includes both diploid and haploid stages that are multicellular 2 consecutive cell divisions that result in four daughter cells rather than 2 daughter cells of mitosis each with only half as many as the parent cell 1 set rather than 2 DNA molecules of non sister chromatids are broken by proteins and are rejoined to each other X shaped regions in each homologous pair where crossover has occurred zipper like structure that holds one homolog tightly to the other the DNA breaks are closed so that each broken end is joined to the corresponding segment of the non sister chromatid individual chromosomes that carry genes DNA chromosomes derived from 2 parents Words chapter 11 Apoptosis Reception Transduction Signal Transduction Pathway Response Ligand Protein Kinase Phosphorylation Cascade Protein Phosphatases Cyclic AMP cAMP Adenylyl Cyclase Inositol Trisphosphate IP3 Definitions a type of programmed cell death that integrates input from multiple signaling pathways the target cells detection of a signaling molecule coming from outside the cell converts the signal to a form that can bring about a specific cellular response a series of steps linking a mechanical chemical or electrical stimulus to a specific cellular response the change in a specific cellular activity brought about by a transduced signal from outside the cell a molecule that binds specifically to another molecule usually a larger one an enzyme that transfers phosphate groups from ATP to a protein thus phosphorylating the protein a series of protein phosphorylations occurring sequentially in which each protein kinase phosphorylates the next activating it often found in signaling pathways an enzyme that removes phosphate groups from dephosphorylates proteins often functioning to reverse the effect of a protein kinase cyclic adenosine monophosphate a ring shaped molecule made from ATP that is a common intracellular signaling molecule second messenger in eukaryotic cells It is also a regulator of some bacterial operons an enzyme that converts ATP to cyclic AMP in response to an extracellular signal a second messenger that functions as an intermediate between certain signaling molecules and a subsequent second messenger Ca2 by causing a rise in cytoplasmic Ca2 concentration Diacylglycerol DAG Scaffolding Proteins a second messenger produced by the cleavage of the phospholipid PIP2 in the plasma membrane a type of large relay protein to which several other relay proteins are simultaneously attached increasing the efficiency of signal transduction Words chapter 12 Definitions Cell Division Cell Cycle Genome Chromosomes Chromatin Somatic Cells Gametes the reproduction of cells an ordered sequence of events in the life of a cell from its origin in the division of a parent until its own division into two The eukaryotic cell cycle is composed of interphase including G1 S and G2 subphase and M phase including mitosis and cytokinesis the genetic material of an organism or virus the complete completement noncoding nucleic acid sequences a cellular structure consisting of one DNA molecule and associated protein molecule in some contexts such as genome sequencing the term may refer to DNA alone A eukaryotic cell typically has multiple linear chromosomes which are located in the nucleus A prokaryotic cell often has a single circular chromosome which is found in the nucleoid a region that is not enclosed by a membrane the complex of DNA and proteins that makes up eukaryotic chromosomes When the cell is not dividing chromatin exists in its dispersed form as a mass of very long thin fivers that are not visible with a light microscope any cell in a multicellular organism except a sperm or egg or their precursors a haploid reproductive cell such as a sperm or an egg Gametes unite during sexual Sister Chromatids Centromere Mitosis Mitotic Phase M Interphase G1 Phase G 2 Phase S Phase Prophase reproduction to produce a diploid zygote two copies of a duplicated chromosome attached to each other by prochromosome at the centromere and sometimes along the arms While joined two sister chromatids make up one chromosome Chromatids are eventually separated during mitosis or meiosis II in a duplicated chromosome the region on each sister chromosome the region on each sister chromatid where it is most closely attached to the other chromatid by proteins that bind to the centromeric DNA Other proteins condense the chromatin in that region so it appears as a narrow waist on the duplicated chromosome An unduplicated chromosome has a single centromere identified by the proteins bound there a