Chapter 11 Adjudicating the Law Policy and the Courts DUAL COURT SYSTEM FEDERAL COURTS STATE COURTS Figure 11 3 Activity in State Supreme Courts 1981 1985 WA OR ID MT WY NV CA UT CO AZ NM ME NY VT NH MA CT RI NJ DE PA MD DC VA ND SD NE KS OK TX MN IA MO AR LA W I M I IN IL OH WV KY TN MS AL GA NC SC FL AK HI Judicially inactive Neither active nor inactive Judicially active Selective Incorporation Amendment V rights of accused double jeopardy Amendment VI speedy trial confront witness etc Amendment VIII excessive bail cruel and unusual Equal Protection under Criminal Law Mapp v Ohio 1961 exclusionary rule Gideon v Wainwright 1963 right to an attorney provided by state Miranda v Arizona 1966 speak to an attorney and remain silent Equal Protection under Civil Law Brown v Board of Education 1954 Loving v Virginia 1967 Lawrence v Texas 2003 WRONGFUL ACTS CRIMINAL LAW CRIME AGAINST THE STATE ENTIRE POPULATION INITIATOR IS STATE PROSECUTOR STATE DISTRICT ATTY STATE PAYS COSTS FINES GO TO STATE MISDEMEANORS LESS SERIOUS PUNISHMENT JAIL INITIATION PROCEDURE IS D A FILES COMPLAINT FELONIES MORE SERIOUS PUNISHMENT PRISON INITIATION PROCEDURE IS D A TAKES INFORMATION TO GRAND JURY GRAND JURY MAY OR MAY NOT ISSUE AN INDICTMENT ONLY 10 OF CRIMINAL CASES GO TO TRIAL Plea bargain out of 22 million criminal cases 99 9 are state DISPUTES BETWEEN INDIVIDUALS IN LEGAL SYSTEM CORPORATIONS ARE INDIVIDUALS SO MOST DISPUTES INVOLVING BUSINESSES ARE CIVIL CASES E G PEOPLE S COURT INITIATOR USUALLY INDIVIDUAL SOMETOMES FED GOV PLAINTIFF OTHER PARTY IS DEFENDANT PROCEDURE FOR INITIATING FILE COMPLAINT WITH COURT CLERK NO GUARANTEE FOR SPEEDY TRIAL IN CIVIL CASES CIVIL CASES MAY APPORTION RESPONSIBILITY FOR LOSS out of 27 million civil cases 99 8 are state CIVIL LAW Criminal and Civil Cases Filed 22 000 000 20 000 000 d e l i F s e s a C 18 000 000 16 000 000 14 000 000 Criminal Cases Civil Cases 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Year Crime Since 1960 Total Crimes Property Crimes Violent Crimes s e m i r C f o r e b m u N 14 000 000 12 000 000 10 000 000 8 000 000 6 000 000 4 000 000 2 000 000 0 1960 1962 1964 1966 1968 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 Year Crime Rates Since 1960 Total Crime Rate Property Crime Rate Violent Crime Rate 1960 1962 1964 1966 1968 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 Year l n o i t a u p o P 0 0 0 0 0 1 r e P s e m i r C 6 000 5 000 4 000 3 000 2 000 1 000 0 Prison Population Since 1960 l n o i t a u p o P n o s i r P 1 400 000 1 200 000 1 000 000 800 000 600 000 400 000 200 000 0 Total State Federal 1960 1962 1964 1966 1968 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 Year State Population and Criminal Cases 3 000 000 2 500 000 2 000 000 1 500 000 1 000 000 6 0 0 2 s e s a C l a n m i i r C TX r 75 NC CA FL VA SC AZ NJ MI OH PA IL GA NY 500 000 AR MDMA AL WA MO KY CT OK OR IN WI MN TN LA UT WV NV NE ID KS MS NM RI SD DE NH HI MT ND ME 0 WY VT 0 10 000 000 20 000 000 Population 2006 30 000 000 40 000 000 Population and Criminal Justice Correlations Longitudinal National Data and State Data for 2006 National Data 1960 2006 State Data 2006 Population Number of Violent Crimes Number of Property Crimes Number of Total Crimes Violent Crime Rate Property Crime Rate Total Crime Rate Number of Civil Cases Filed Number of Criminal Cases Filed Total Prison Population Total State Judges Salary of Appellate Judges 1 00 82 73 75 68 46 49 58 73 95 1 00 97 97 97 31 11 16 77 75 95 91 59 Configuration of States Courts Supreme Courts Intermediate Appellate Courts Trial Courts STATE COURTS ORIGINAL JURISDICTION QUESTIONS OF FACT AND QUESTIONS OF LAW FACT DID PROHIBITED BEHAVIOR OCCUR IS DEFENDANT LEGALLY RESPONSIBLE SUBSTANTIVE QUESTIONS ANSWERED BY JURIES IN CASES INVOLVING JURIES LAW PROCEDURAL DUE PROCESS RULES OF CONFLICT ADJUDICATION WHAT EVIDENCE IS PERMISSIBLE WHAT ISSUES ARE GERMANE WHO IS ELIGIBLE TO SPEAK TO WHICH ISSUES ETC ALWAYS ANSWERED BY JUDGE IF DEFENDANT IS FOUND RESPONSIBLE JUDGE DECIDES PUNISHMENT IN CRIMINAL CASES COMPENSATION IN CIVIL CASES STATE COURTS APPELLATE JURISDICTION QUESTIONS OF LAW ONLY UPHOLD OR REVERSE DECISIONS ON QUESTIONS OF LAW MADE BY TRIAL COURT REVIEW COURT RECORD HEAR FROM ATTORNEYS IF REVERSE THEN NEW TRIAL IS POSSIBLE APPELATE COURTS DO NOT SET DEFENDANTS FREE NO JURIES MULTIPLE JUDGES NULLIFICATION FEW CASES APPEALED PROCESS LOSER APPEALS BRIEFS FROM PARTIES BRIEFS FROM FRIENDS OF THE COURT HEARING DECISION http www courts state tx us ELITE PARTICIPATION ATTORNEYS JUDGES UNIQUE STYLE JUDICIAL SELECTION TRIAL COURT JUDGES 2 2 11 16 19 Legislative election Appointment by governor Partisan election Nonpartisan election Merit plan APPELLATE COURT JUDGES 2 3 7 14 24 Legislative election Appointment by governor Partisan election Nonpartisan election Merit plan Judicial Selection Methods for Justices in Court of Last Resort 2008 WA OR ID MT WY NV CA UT CO AZ NM AK HI ME VT NH MA CT RI NJ DE NY PA MD DC VA ND SD NE KS OK TX MN IA MO AR LA W I M I IN IL OH WV KY TN MS AL GA NC SC FL Governor appoints Legislature appoints Partisan election Nonpartisan election Merit system LAY PARTICIPATION GRAND JURIES TRIAL JURIES TEXAS CRIME AND PUNISHMENT CRIME RATE INCARCERATION RATE EXECUTIONS
View Full Document
Unlocking...