Quiz 1 Study Guide Note The last 2 questions are not included as Dr Hull said they will not be on the quiz Ch 1 In what ways can behavior change the brain Learning scores and brain size are correlated Strength of mating behavior is correlated with hormone levels Enlarged cerebral ventricles is correlated with schizophrenic symptoms Give an example of how expectation can influence brain activity and perception Putting a male in presence of female change in hormone levels What did Descartes believe about the pineal gland What did he contribute to our understanding of reflexes He proposed the pineal gland as the junction b w mind and body Proposed concept of spinal reflexes and their neural pathways Proposed Dualism idea that humans have a nonmaterial soul as well as a material body What did Paul Broca discover about the brain s localization of language function Broca showed that language ability is restricted to a small area based on a patient with damage in that area What is one physical sign of schizophrenia Enlarged cerebral ventricles Summarize current opinion on the relation between brain size and intelligence After correcting for body size about 10 of variability in IQ can be accounted for by brain size Highest correlation coefficient reported was 0 38 Chapter 2 What are the 3 major functional classes of neurons Motoneurons Sensory neurons Interneurons What is axonal transport and how is it important to the functioning of neurons How can axonal transport be used to study pathways in the brain Axonal transport is the movement of materials along microtubules within an axon We trace axons from one source to another using Tracing Patterns in the Brain Anterograde Labeling uses radioactive molecules taken up by the cell and then transported to the axon tips along microtubules Retrograde Labeling uses horseradish peroxidase HRP it is taken up in the axon terminals and transported to the cell bodies then visualized through chemical reactions Describe the typical synapse What is the sequence of events at the synapse that is triggered by electrical activity in the axon Info is transmitted across the synaptic cleft 20 40 nm from the presynaptic neuron to the postsynaptic neuron via chemical neurotransmitters What are glial cells Name four types of glial cells and describe their functions Astrocytes star shaped recieve neuronal input monitor activity Take up and release neurotransmitters Regulate ion balance especially K Provide glucose to neurons Some end on blood vessels and help regulate vasodilation Some alter shape to impede or promote synaptic connections among neurons Microglia Encircle and remove debris from injured cells Oligodendrocytes Small glia that have a few branches to axons fatty myelin sheaths in CNS Schwann cells whole cell wraps around a small part of an axon in the peripheral nervous system PNS What are the main structural components of a typical neuron and the function of each Which part of the neuron decides whether to fire an action potential Components Dendrites receive info from other cells Cell Body region where inputs are combined and transformed Axon leads away from cell body and transmits the electrical impulse Axon Terminals at end of axon communicate activity to other cells Axon hillock Describe the general function of the sympathetic nervous system List at least 4 of its effects Where do most of its ganglia lie What transmitters are released by its preganglionic vs postganglionic neurons Prepares the body for action Effects Increases blood pressure Increases breathing and heart rates Distributes blood to major muscles Slows digestion Stimulates ejaculation Has preganglionic neurons in the thoracic and lumbar spinal cord innervates sympathetic chain which runs along each side of the spinal column and several other ganglia near their targets Preganglionic transmitter Acetylcholine ACh Postganglionic transmitter Norepinephrine NE Describe the general function of the parasympathetic nervous system List at least 4 of its effects Which transmitter is released by its preganglionic and postganglionic neurons Function to oppose sympathetic nervous system activity Effects Promotes digestion Slows heart and breathing rates Decreases blood pressure Promotes erection and clitoral engorgement Acetylcholine Name the 4 lobes of the cortex and give at least one function of each Frontal controls personality and communication Parietal Sensation and Perception Occipital Visual Processing Temporal Auditory Processing What nuclei make up the basal ganglia Which disorder results from degeneration of the major dopamine tract associated with the basal ganglia Nuclei Caudate Nucleus Putmen Globus Pallidus Substantia Nigra Parkinson s disease What is the main function of the thalamus Relay sensory info to cortex What are 4 major functions of the hypothalamus Feeding Fighting Fleeing Fornicating What is the corpus callosum What color is it Why Bundle of axons that connects the two cerebral hemispheres White b c of the axons that coordinate the 2 hemispheres Name 4 structures that can be seen on a mid sagittal section of the brain Hypothalamus Thalamus Midbrain Pituitary Where are the superior and inferior colliculi and what are their functions Midbrain sensory systems together known as the tectum Superior colliculi process visual info Inferior colliculi process auditory info What are the 2 major dopamine containing tracts Nigrostriatal dopamine tract Ventral Tegmental Area Where is the pineal gland and what is its function What did Descartes think was its major function In front of b w the superior colliculi on the ceiling of the midbrain Produces melatonin for sleep Seat of the soul Where is the cerebellum located What is its major function Where the brain connects to the spinal cord Motor coordination and learning Where are the pons and medulla Give at least one function of each Pons Attached to cerebellum Contains motor and sensory nuclei gives rise to cranial nerves Medulla Marks transition from brain to spinal cord Contains cranial nerve nuclei that regulate breathing heart rate coughing vomiting etc What and where is the reticular formation Involved with sleep and arousal temperature and motor control Located in midbrain Which brain area controls the pituitary Hypothalamus What are the 4 major parts of the limbic system Give a function of each Amygdala emotional regulation perception of odor Hippocampus and fornix learning Cingulate gyrus attention emotions Hypothalamus