PSB3004C Physiological Psychology Quiz 1 Wed Sept 3rd Ch 1 1 In what ways can behavior change the brain a Neural plasticity the ability of the brain to be changed by environment and by experience i During development and in adulthood ii Dendritic spines in the brain can change shape in seconds b i e i Present visual stimulus changes in electrical activity of brain ii Give training Anatomical changes in nerve cells In rats social isolation leads to changes in the brain iii 2 Give an example of how expectation can influence brain activity and perception a In humans psychological expectation affects brain s response i Experiment Stick your hand into moderately hot water ii Before doing so you are told that the water is painfully hot or you are told that it s fairly warm but not too hot iii Brain response is according to how hot they were told the water was body 3 What did Descartes believe about the pineal gland What did he contribute to our understanding of reflexes a Descartes i Explained animal behavior in terms of a machine ii Proposed the concept of spinal reflexes and their neural pathways iii He proposed the pineal gland as the junction between mind and 4 What did Paul Broca discover about the brain s localization of language function a Paul Broca showed that language ability is restricted to a small area based on a patient with damage in that region b Current research uses brain imaging during mental tasks to relate behaviors to certain regions 5 What is one physical sign of schizophrenia a Enlarged cerebral ventricles 6 Summarize current opinion on the relation between brain size and intelligence a There is a correlation between brain size and intelligence i Especially in the frontal lobes ii After correcting for body size about 10 of variability in IQ can be accounted for by brain size highest correlation coefficient reported was 0 38 Ch 2 1 What are the 3 major functional classes of neurons 1 PSB3004C Physiological Psychology Quiz 1 Wed Sept 3rd a Neurons i Motoneurons motor neurons ii Sensory neurons odor or touch Interneurons iii contact muscles or glands respond to environmental stimuli such as light receive input from and send input to other neurons 2 What is axonal transport and how is it important to the functioning of neurons How can axonal transport be used to study pathways in the brain a Axonal transport the movement of materials along microtubules within an axon i Fast transport 200 400 mm day ii Slow transport 8 mm day or less 3 Describe the typical synapse What is the sequence of events at the synapse that is triggered by electrical activity in the axon a Synapses i Dendrites have a branched arborization pattern to facilitate ii contacts Information is transmitted across the synaptic cleft 20 40 nm from the presynaptic neuron to the postsynaptic neuron via chemical neurotransmitters iii Synapses may occur on the cell body soma a dendritic shaft or a dendritic spine 4 What are glial cells Name four types of glial cells and describe their functions a Glial glue cells i Astrocytes support neuronal activity star shaped cells with many processes receive neuronal input and monitor activity 1 Take up release neurotransmitters 2 Regulate ion balance especially K 3 Provide glucose to neurons 4 Some end on blood vessels and help regulate vasodilation 5 Some alter shape to impede or promote synaptic ii Microglia small cells that encircle and remove debris from injured iii Oligodendrocytes small glia that have a few branches to axons connections among neurons cells fatty myelin sheaths in central nervous system CNS the peripheral nervous system PNS iv Schwann cells whole cell wraps around a small part of an axon in b Other functions of glia i Some glia wrap around synapses and thereby isolate them ii Glia also respond to injury by swelling thereby producing edema iii Glia can also form brain tumors 2 PSB3004C Physiological Psychology Quiz 1 Wed Sept 3rd 5 Be able to recognize the 12 pairs of cranial nerves and their functions You don t have to list them a Cranial Nerves to the brain 12 pairs component of the peripheral nervous system connected i Sensory pathways to the brain three 1 Olfactory I smell 2 Optic II vision 3 Vestibulocochlear VIII hearing balance ii Motor pathways from the brain five 1 Oculomotor III eye muscles 2 Trochlear IV eye muscles 3 Abducens VI eye muscles 4 Spinal Accessory XI neck muscles 5 Hypoglossal XII tongue iii Sensory and motor functions 1 Trigeminal V facial sensation chewing 2 Facial VII facial muscles taste 3 Glossopharyngeal IX tongue and throat sensation and 4 Vagus X heart liver intestines sensation and motor muscles control 6 What are the main structural components of a typical neuron and the function of each What part of the neuron decides whether to fire an action potential a 7 Describe the general function of the sympathetic nervous system List at least 4 of its effects Where do most of its ganglia lie What transmitters are released by its preganglionic vs postganglionic neurons a Sympathetic Nervous System i Sympathetic activation prepares the body for action 1 Increases blood pressure 2 Heart and breathing rates 3 Distributes blood to major muscles 4 Slows digestion 5 Stimulates ejaculation ii Preganglionic neurons in the thoracic and lumbar spinal cord they innervate the sympathetic chain which runs along each side of the spinal column and several other ganglia near their targets acetylcholine ACh norepinephrine NE iii Preganglionic transmitter iv Postganglionic transmitter 8 Describe the general function of the parasympathetic nervous system List at least 4 of its effects Which transmitter is released by its preganglionic and postganglionic neurons a Parasympathetic Nervous System 3 PSB3004C Physiological Psychology Quiz 1 Wed Sept 3rd i Parasympathetic activation is often in opposition to sympathetic activity 1 Promotes digestion 2 Slows heart and breathing rates 3 Decreases blood pressure 4 Promotes erection and clitoral engorgement ii Preganglionic neurons arise in the cranial nerves and the sacral spinal cord iii Both pre and postganglionic transmitter Ach Acetylcholine iv Though they have opposing effects both are active to some degree essentially all the time 9 Name the 4 lobes of the cortex and give at least one function of each i a Frontal anterior region b Parietal between the frontal and occipital c Occipital posterior region i i Visual processing lateral region d Temporal i Auditory processing 10 What nuclei make up