1 Psyc 344 Research Methods Spring 10 Review Sheet Exam 1 HISTORY OF SCIENCE 1 What are the reasons to do research way to get information be a better thinker protect self from quacks be scientifically literate increase your marketability to understand science Which is most important credibility a Which is fundamental reason to study research methods conduct research understand psychology read and evaluate research 2 What are Pierce s methods of fixing belief science is a away of avoiding bias and gaining knowledge 3 What are the ways of knowing Describe each of them Give an example for each Tenacity people cling to beliefs or claims because they seem to make sense stems from need to understand and ability to comprehend things think things are related when they aren t continues because of confirmation bias only look for things that adhere to their beliefs Authority claims are accepted b c a person of authority said they were true challenge authority A priori method Rationalist approach use individual powers of pure reason and logic to know and explain our world Scientific method birth of science Copernicus revolution Empiricism 4 When do most intellectual philosophers believe intellectual history began It began in Ancient Greece with the development of democracy Why does it begin Question Catholic Church 5 What is a cosmologist Identify and describe the ones discussed in class Cosmologist someone who studies the universe search for physis what everything is made of Thales search for physis water okay to question authority Pythagorus universe is dualistic rationalist math and logic are knowable but sensory information is ever changing and bias Empedocles 4 physis earth air fire water Democrites everything is made up of atoms which obey mechanical laws reductionist 6 Who was generally considered the first doctor 2 How does his work relate to one of the other cosmologists Hippocrates Body is made up of 4 fluids parallels between cosmology and body similar to Empedocles Earth black bile Air yellow bile Fire blood Water phlegm All disorders are caused by natural factors imbalance in fluids 7 Why did Socrates study the essences sought instances of a concept beauty truth strength tried to find what they had in common then could find out what the objective reality or essence of the concept was If essence could be found and agreed upon then communication about this phenomenon could occur Gad Fly irritating questioning 8 How did Plato further the study of essences World of forms and dualism all knowledge is innate from when we were souls in world of forms derives from introspection trying to determine if we have a mind or a body or both Idealists mind only Materialists body only Interactionists both 9 According to Plato what is the world of forms world we lived in before we were born where we knew all essences once we re born we lose memory of essences and instead have instances 10 What is platonic dualism belief that mind and body are separate mind communicates with body but body does NOT interact with the mind 11 How did Plato s position hinder the development of psychology Explain if the mind cannot impact the body than the mind is intangible and cannot be studied 12 How did Aristotle seek the essences sought essences same as Socrates and plato believed that could be found in nature empiricist believed if one could find enough instances of an object phenomenon essence could be inferred passive reason made up of the information supplied by common sense to make everyday types of decisions active reason used to understand essences engaging in this brought about life s greatest pleasure 13 What is entelechy everything in nature has a cause and develops to fulfill this purpose 3 What is human entelechy engaging in active reason brought about life s greatest pleasure self actualization 14 What are Aristotle s laws of association a List and Describe them Contiguity recall things that were experienced together Similarity recall things that are similar Contrast recall things that are opposite to what we are recalling Frequency more often things are experienced together the stronger the association conditioning number of times things happen together 15 What did Copernicus contribute to the knowledge of the universe Copernicus work was crucial to which method of inquiry His work was crucial to the scientific method Published The Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres in 1543 Heliocentric theory challenged church doctrine and our vision of humans place in the universe his work ushered in age of science 16 What was Galen s theoretical contribution to psychology Explain first theory of personality four humors found in most abundance in the body Excess blood sanguine person happy Excess phlegm phlegmatic person apathetic listless Excess yellow bile melancholic sad Excess of black bile choleric person angry 17 What were Galileo s contributions to science Astronomer rationalist used math to understand universe Objective and subjective reality exist memory and senses can be unreliable true law of universe found through math only consciousness couldn t be studied scientifically because it is a subjective reality 18 What was subjective and objective reality Objective reality unchangeable and absolute Subjective reality unique to each individual 19 What philosophical movement looks upon Bacon as their founder What was Bacon s position in regard to looking at reasoning Who agreed with this philosopher father of empiricism knowledge comes from sense experience nature can only be understood through direct observation science based on induction process of gathering evidence 4 Positivism approach ignored except by Skinner 20 What were Descartes contributions to intellectual history Multi faceted scholar mathematician philosopher anatomist Invented analytical geometry from watching fly in his room described mathematically planetary orbits Fit in with pythagorus and Plato Founded rationalism movement 21 How did he positively influence the development of psychology founded rationalism movement innate ideas ideas he had that were perfect and must be work of g d no connection between these and other thoughts info from senses is to be accepted 22 What were innate ideas ideas that you already have as a result of being born ex genetic disposition reflexes higher levels of that are innate 23 What philosophical movement looks at Descartes as their founder Descartes was the father of rationalism base ideas on knowledge