UNIT FOUR PSYCHOLOGY EXAM FOUR FINAL EXAM THE PSYCHOLOGY OF MOTIVATION DEFINITION HISTORY OF THEORIES 1 Focus why do people do what they do 2 General definition of motivation the study of factors that arouse sustain and direct behavior toward some goal cued INSTINCT THEORY oldest motivational theory 13th century Thomas Aquinas 1 19th century Charles Darwin 2 Innate forces genetic built into DNA 3 Cued behaviors triggered behaviors 4 Freely emitted behaviors some of these reactions just happen and are not 5 MODERN INSTINCT THEORY William Mcdougall 1871 1938 6 Famous list of 18 instincts 1932 7 Curiosity 8 Disgust 9 Food seeking 10 sex 11 Fear 12 Gregariousness social fears prisoners get isolated 13 Care taking 14 INSTINCT THEORY THREE PROBLEMS 15 Anti biological zeitgeist in American psychology 1920 1950 16 List of instincts grew to an absurd degree getting into 2 000 3 00 instincts 17 Circular reasoning without independent proof 18 LEARNING THEORY 1920 1950 19 John Stuart 19th century philosopher all living things seek pleasure and avoid pain 20 Edward Throndlike 1898 law and effect people seek reward and avoid punishment 21 Problems satiated animals stop responding What happened to their motivation Animals kow that if they press the bar they will get more food but when they get full they stop pressing the bar so it cannot explain motivation questioner Why does john get into frequent fights Instinct Theorist john has an instinct for aggression Questioner how do you know john has an instinct for aggression instinct theorist he gets into frequent fights its not rally a theory anymore 22 DRIVE THEORY 1940 1960 23 Cyclical motivation Biological deficit drive increases activity increases better odds of satisfaction satisfy drive reduced drive property promotions enduring shock 24 Primary drives arise from biological needs drive to find food water mate 25 Secondary Drive paired with biological needs drive to earn money 26 DRIVE THEORY PROBLEMS satiated animals explore new territories even 27 Example monkeys spend hours playing with latches and locks 28 What is the underlying motivation for this behavior 29 INTRINSTIC MOTIVATION 1960 1970 idea that some behaviors are motivated by the internal feelings of fulfillment and satisfaction they produce not external rewards 30 Curiosity 31 Control 32 Competence 33 Achievement all achieved internally 34 OPTIMAL LEVEL OF AROUSAL THEORY 1970 1980 everyone is trying to 35 From low to high on the x axis is someone who is not very aroused and reach an ideal level of arousal and if you can do that it will result in maximum performance someone who is over aroused Along the y axis is poor to good performance The graph is a curve or an upside down U an ideal level of arousal corresponds to an ideal level of performance 36 Sensory deprivation research Bexton 1954 he asked college students if they would participate in research and they had to go into a long tube and their eyes and ears and hands were covered they had an upper limit of 24 28 hours all they could do was have short breaks for eating and bathroom after a few days these students would get bored and preform panic and hallucinations then he would give them an IQ test and they would show poor judgment and problem solving 37 Sensory overload Research Bexton 1954 if you bombarded people you get the same results anxiety panic hallucinations 38 Examples natural disasters fires and floods 75 people disoriented and 25 people Freeze Wander Aimlessly 39 War 15 25 of soldiers firs guns the other are frozen in panic 40 OPTIMAL AROUSAL THEORY INTROVERTS AND EXTROVERTS role of 41 Introverts higher cortical arousal sensation avoidance need quiet time 42 Extroverts lower cortical arousal sensation seeking like going to loud personality worn down by being around a lot of people parties because they need more arousal looking for more and more friends and parties being out in the world 43 INTROVERTS produced more saliva when you put lemon juice on their tongue because they are already highly aroused and when you put the lemon juice on their tongue it s a stimulant and they get more anxious therefore the saliva is an act to fight it 44 EXPLICIT conscious VS IMPLICIT unconscious MOTIVATION 45 EXPLICIT MOTIVES conscious self reported Methodology Questioners and surveys cheap and fast Advantage inexpensive fast minimal training Disadvantage vulnerable to bias faking good or bad if someone does not want to look depressed then they can fake that they are not on the answers or someone may be depressed and cannot express it 46 IMPLICIT MOTIVES unconscious Methodology inkblots pictures story exercises TAT Herman R Advantage less transparent one cannot see through it because you really don t know what their after depression anxiety etc less vulnerable to faking Disadvantage more time costly more training 47 ASSESMENT OF IMPLICIT MOTIVES the projection hypothesis when presented with an ambiguous stimulus the individual will draw on their unconscious motives fantasies wishes etc Example upset they drank too much the night before but the next night they say let s get another bottle 48 RESEARCH ON IMPLICIT MOTIVES Thematic Apperception Test TAT Murray 1943 Take information for person being tested regarding if they are depressed etc box of 31 pictures and clinical setting of 4 10 used ask patient to look at the pictures and spend 5 minutes writing a story 49 MURRAY AND THE TAT he did not develop a formal scoring system he was the director of the Harvard University Counseling Center Murray and co therapists would give 5 10 pictures to his clients Murray and his team would brainstorm about the clients issues based on their stories Problems of Murrays TAT Reliability and Validity concerns 50 IMPROVING THE TAT David McCleland 1917 1998 20th century ranking he was 15th Harvard psychologist studied implicit motives created new TAT cards Scoring systems need for power need for achievement need for affiliation