UNIT THREE PSYCHOLOGY THIRD EXAM LEARNING THEORIES 2 NOW 1 Definition of Learning performance potential A relatively permanent change in performance potential resulting from experience BEHAVIORISM TWO APPROACHES CLASSICAL AND OPERENT CONDITIONING philosophical assumptions of two types of behaviorists 1 o Methodological Behaviorists focus on things people and animals DO o Radical Behaviorists believe there is no such thing as the mind o Pavlov Watson BF Skinner 2 CLASSICAL CONDITIONING capable of eliciting a response because of its association with a stimulus that naturally produces a response INVOLINTARY BEHAVIORS EMOTIONS REFLEXES Pavlov Watson A previously neutral stimulus becomes o UNCOINDITIONED STIMULUS something you put in front of a human being or animal that automatically happens and you don t have to teach it dogs eating food o UNCONDITIIONED RESPONSE reaction to unconditioned response action of what does not have to be learned o CONDITIONED STIMULUS a stimulus that has to be learned Does not naturally produce a response therefore it has tom be taught o CONDITIINED RESPONSE linking unconditioned and conditioned response EXAMPLES A Pavlov would ring a bell with food for dogs and they would come and get it After a few times Pavlov would not being food but would still ring bell and dogs would still respond to the bell and come US food UR salvation CS Bell CR B Watson Case of little Albert a conditioned emotional reaction Albert s conditioned fear of a white rabbit because of the loud sound associated with it US loud sound US fear CS Rabbit CR 3 CLASSICAL CONDITIONING THERAPY 1 Systematic Desensitization o Anxiety Hierarchy to deal with patients and extreme anxieties Lessen anxieties slowly exposing them to their fear EXAMPLE what to do with patient with extreme anxiety towards snakes o Counter Conditioning US Relaxation Pleasure CS Snake Photo Pleasure Repeat for all 10 steps CS rabbit CR fear CER US A UR pleasure Therapy CS B CR pleasure such as sugary foods Therapy 4 OPERANT CONDITIONING Concept Behavior Modification free admitted behaviors voluntary behaviors BF Skinner o Most Radical behaviorist o 1990 most famous living psychologist o Most of his career at Harvard univ o 1938 behavior of organisms o 1948 book WALDON TWO UTOPIA what about o 1971 book BEYOND FREEDOM AND DIGNITITY what about o THE SKINNER BOX animal has to press metal bar four times or a certain number of times in order to get food Creates a conditioned response from the animal if they want food 5 GENERAL OPERANT CONDITIONING IDEAS o Freely admitted or voluntary behaviors o Manipulation of environmental consequences o Increase decrease frequency of behaviors 6 TYPES OF CONSEQUENCES o Punishment weaken or eliminate behavior child sucks their thumb so parent gives them a shock each time they do it With this child becomes afraid to continue to suck their thumb so their reaction is stopping sucking their thumb o Reinforcement Positive reinforcement If a child does their homework early and a parent wants them to continue the behavior they would reward them with a cookie or treat causing the response of the child to keep doing it Negative reinforcement if teacher said if everybody in class got at least a C on the next exam that he she would remove the final exam From Type Quality Add Remove Ultimate Effect Punishment Aversive Add Decrease Behavior Positive Reinforcement Desired Add Increase Behavior Negative Reinforcement Aversive Remove Increase Behavior 7 OPERENT CONDITIONING THE CONCEPT OF SHAPING o Concept of shaping when animal starts to do something that is closer to goal you REWARD THEM but if they do something that is father away from the goal you DO NOT REWARD THEM rewarding successive approximations Example you are asked to train a bird to peck at a ball but first thing u notice is the bird is facing the wrong way Therefore when bird gets closer to ball you reward them but if they get farther away you don t give them a reward o Schedules of reinforcement A Concept alter timing and frequency alter persistence of behavior cannot give one a reward every time or they won t be enticed anymore and won t respond the same way B Initiating a behavior continuous reinforcement C Maintaining a behavior partial Reinforcement i Fixed ratio Schedule ii Fixed Interval Schedule fixed number of responses one has to give you to get a reward make a five day calendar for child pertaining to days they do their HW and if they complete the chart in doing their homework all those five days THEN they get a reward THEY MUST DO THEYRE HOMEWORK FOR FIVEEEE DAYS pertains to NUMBER of times for the response one gets a reward Teach human or animal that there is a pattern first time rat presses button it will take three presses to get a reward next time five presses for a reward and so on keep changing time of reward rat gets food after five minutes then after ten minutes then after 15 minutes and so on o Responding Speed Certain amount of TIME has to do by and then iv Variable Interval Schedule iii Variable ratio schedule Fastest Rate variable ratio 2nd fastest variable interval 3rd fastest fixed ratio Slowest rate fixed interval Question how are slot machines set up o Other Concepts Primary reinforcement such as food Secondary reinforcement such as money because you could use it to get a primary reinforcement Extinction time out Eliminate behavior by removing the reward and giving them some extinction from the environment time out of a child Behavior Modification Token Economy if you get so many thing such as chips for responding to certain things then you get a reward Aversive Conditioning Autism punishment of shock for things such as banging ones head against the wall Substance Abuse shock punishment after you drink a ton taking pills to vomit Film example A clockwork orange shock punishment for man that got put in prison 8 TWO FACTOR THEORY OF PHOBIA o TWO FACTOR classical and operant o THEORY OF PHOBIA Development Classical conditioning A person saw someone die on an elevator and it caused fear therefore they have a phobia to elevators classical conditioning Maintenance operant conditioning Why does the phobia continue Because of operant conditioning Avoid Elevator Reduces anxiety Walking away from elevator reduces anxiety because walking away from the phobia Would have to DESENSITIZE this phobia using one of the systems above in notes Psychology of Memory o Focus an information processing approach to memory o vs biological