Pentose Glucose Chemistry Exam 3 Nucleic Acids DNA NADPH for Fatty Acid Synthesis Lipids Amino Acids Proteins Glycogen G l y c o g e n o l y s i s Pyruvate 3 C c i b o r e A Acetyl CoA 3 C Citric Acid Krebs Cycle 9 steps total Oxygen Electron Transport Chain Occurs in MITOCHONDRIA Carbon Dioxide Water 36 ATP Lactic Acid Cholesterol 1 Steroid Hormones 2 Vitamin D 3 Bile 1 Diet 2 Synthesized in Body Metabolism Anabolism Catabolism Catabolism Break down things think of cats break things GIVES OFF ENERGY Anabolism Build up macromolecules Ana the baby makes big poop REQUIRES ENERGY LEO the Lion goes GER Oxidation LOSE electrons GIVE OFF Energy Reduction GAIN electrons REQUIRES Energy Electron Transport Chain Occurs in the Mitochondria REDOX reactions oxidation and reduction Coenzymes Vitamins help carry the electrons in each step o Riboflavin FAD o Niacin NAD This keeps us ALIVE and gives us ENERGY stored as ATP Oxygen is also needed for this to occur otherwise we would be DEAD ATP ADP Energy we produce and need Energy will come from either fat or carbohydrate sources that s what we essentially want to burn to get energy Protein will be last source of energy because you don t want to burn and tone down your sexy toned muscles for energy Carbohydrates Polyhydroxy has many OH groups aldehydes ketone molecules When carbohydrates are HYDROLYZED broken down they give us ENERGY Characteristics o Many Carbon atoms Sugars join each other with Glycosidic Bonds Monosaccharide simplest carbohydrate cannot be hydrolyzed Disaccharides 2 monosaccharide when hydrolyzed Oligosaccharides 2 6 monosacs Polysaccharides Many and Many monosacs o More reduced state than Carbon Dioxide o Chemical reactivity and physical structure is ideal for us in cells List of Carbohydrates Name of Sugar Number of Carbons Other Characteristics Glycerol Glyceraldehyde 3 Carbon Sugar SIMPLE Ribose 5 Carbon Sugar Needed for DNA RNA Glucose 6 Carbon Sugar Dextrose Key sugar in the body Most important source of energy Primary source of energy for the brain NOT THE ONLY SOURCE THOUGH Fructose 6 Carbon Sugar Common in fruit juices and honey Sweetest and fattening of all natural sugars Lactose Galactose Glucose Sucrose Glucose Fructose Milk Sugar Hydrolyzes to galactose and glucose Table Sugar Hydrolyzes to glucose and fructose Glycogen Polymer of glucose Major storage form of glucose in liver 5 and skeletal muscle 0 5 Most abundant carb in mammalian cells has 1 4 bond Cellulose Polymer of glucose Found in plants similar structure as glycogen Humans cannot break down the 1 4 bond Heparin Amylose A carb polymer that breaks down the coagulation of blood An unbranched polymer of glucose digested by Amylase which is found in saliva Carbohydrate Metabolism Glycolysis process by which glucose is converted to pyruvate and ultimately lactic acid under anaerobic conditions 1 glucose molecule gives 36 ATP Glycogenesis synthesis of glycogen from glucose Glycogenolysis breakdown of glycogen to glucose Gluconeogenesis formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources Under aerobic conditions pyruvic acid Acetyl CoA enters the citric acid cycle to be further metabolized to generate additional ATP LOOK AT CHART ON PAGE 1 Insulin Blood Glucose gluconeogenesis Glycogenesis Glucagon Blood Glucose gluconeogenesis Glycogenesis Epinephrine Blood Glucose gluconeogenesis Glycogenesis SO to increase glucose in cells Glucagon Insulin SO to decrease glucose in cells Glucagon Insulin Lipids Functions o Major source of metabolic energy storage depot Fat is good source of energy it is more reduced than carbs Fat gives 9KCal g and Carbs give 4Kcal g o Structural component of membranes o Serve as hormones vitamins and bile salts o Cellular Messenger in the action of some hormones and neurotransmitters myelin sheath around neurons o Protective components love handles protect kidneys big butts are awesome protectors Composition o Fatty Acids monomers are building blocks of Lipids Fatty acids are made from Acetyl CoA o Different types of Fatty acids Saturated Animal Fat BAD STUFF have single bonds Unsaturated have double bonds MUFA Omega 3 6 and PUFA Function Building blocks of fat Saturated or unsaturated Most abundant group of lipids Major storage form of fat Can be easily transported Insoluble in water NON POLAR Solid at room temperature Can be soaps if add a salt to FA POLAR Important for membranes Membranes around neurons Cholesterol Vitamins A D K E Arachidonic Acid is precursor Inflammation Inhibited by NSAIDs Required in diet Classes of Lipids and Functions Fatty Acids Triglycerides Acyglycerols Classification Structure Long chain of hydrocarbons with carboxyl group 3 glycerol molecules with fatty acids attached to them Phospholipids Phosphoglycerides Non polar hydrocarbon tail and polar head Sphingolipids Steroids Lipid soluble Vitamins Prostaglandins tail inside and head is on the outside Classical 4 fused rings 20 Carbon unsaturated fatty acids with a cyclopentane ene ring Fatty Acid Breakdown o oxidation is the breakdown of fats the second carbon in the fatty acid is oxidized releases energy o Fatty acid breaks down to Acetyl CoA the energy released becomes ATP Krebs Cycle Acetyl CoA can then make amino acids cholesterol or gluconeogenesis can occur Ketogenesis o Excess of oxidation of fatty acids ketosis occurs ketone bodies in excess NOT GOOD Can be used for energy Drops blood pH acidosis DEATH Complication of diabetes Synthesis of Lipids o Lipids synthesized from acetyl coA Pentose Pathway NADPH is the reducing agent Occurs in the liver major site also in adipose tissue and mammary glands Cholesterol and Steroids o Look at PowerPoint Handout this is just a summary of key points o Cholesterol is synthesized in Liver intestines adrenal cortex and reproductive tissues from acetyl CoA to cholesterol Also can be ingested through diet o Structure Hydrocarbon tail hydrophobic 4 rings Hydroxyl group OH hydrophilic Enzyme is inhibited by Statin Drugs o HMG CoA reductase is the enzyme that determines the rate limiting step will increase cholesterol production o Cholesterol is excreted through poo main way of elimination can also piss some out anabolic steroids BILE o Made in liver o Stored in gall bladder o Excreted in intestines o Can be sent back to liver after intestines Enterohepatic Circulation o Some gets excreted in poop o Functions Emulsifies fats Excretion Absorption of vitamins Motility of intestines Good Vs Bad Cholesterol o Lipoproteins vehicle