08 31 2015 Ch 1 Define anatomy and physiology Anatomy Their composition Their location Associated structures Is the study of body structures describes the structures of the body Physiology Is the study of Includes o Functions of anatomical structures o Individual and cooperative functions o Biochemistry Biology Chemistry Genetics Note an anatomist might study how a particular muscle attaches to the skeleton while a physiologist might study how a muscle contracts Describe the different areas of study for anatomy and physiology List in order the different levels of organization and describe each level Anatomy main divisions are gross anatomy and microscopic anatomy Gross anatomy or macroscopic anatomy examines large visible structures This includes o Surface anatomy exterior features o Regional anatomy body areas o Systemic anatomy organ systems o Clinical anatomy medical specialties pathological anatomy changes that occur during illness radiographic anatomy structures seen using specialized imaging techniques o Developmental anatomy from conception to death Microscopic anatomy examines cells and molecules o Cytology study of cells and their structures o cyt cell o Histology study of tissues and their structures Physiology study of function Divisions include o Cell physiology processes within and between cells o Organ physiology functions of specific organs o Systemic physiology functions of an organ system o Pathological physiology effects of diseases Levels of Organization The Chemical or Molecular Level Atoms are the smallest chemical units Molecules are a group of atoms working together Cells are a group of atoms molecules and organelles working The Cellular Level together The Tissue Level A tissue is a group of similar cells working together The Organ Level The Organ System Level An organ is a group of different tissues working together An organ system is a group of organs working together Humans have 11 organ systems The Organism Level A human is an organism Describe the major parts and general functions of the different organ systems found in the human body Integumentary Major Organs o Skin o Hair o Sweat glands o Nails Functions o Protects against environmental hazards o Helps regulate body temperature o Provides sensory information Skeletal Major Organs o Bones o Cartilages o Associated ligaments o Bone marrow Functions o Provides support and protection for other o tissues o Stores calcium and other minerals o Forms blood cells o Skeletal muscles and associated tendons o Provides movement o Provides protection and support for other tissues o Generates heat that maintains body temperature Muscular Major Organs Functions Nervous Major Organs o Brain o Spinal cord o Peripheral nerves o Sense organs Functions o Directs immediate responses to stimuli o Coordinates or moderates activities of o other organ systems o Provides and interprets sensory information about external conditions Endocrine Major Organs o Pituitary gland Thyroid gland o Pancreas Adrenal glands o Gonads and Endocrine tissues in other systems Functions systems o Directs long term changes in the activities of other organ o Adjusts metabolic activity and energy use by the body o Controls many structural and functional changes during development Cardiovascular Major Organs o Heart o Blood o Blood vessels Functions o Distributes blood cells water and dissolved materials including nutrients waste products oxygen and carbon dioxide o Distributes heat and assists in control of body temperature Lymphatic Major Organs o Spleen o Thymus o Lymphatic vessels o Lymph nodes o Tonsils Functions Respiratory Major Organs Alveoli Functions o Defends against infection and disease o Returns tissue fluids to the bloodstream o Nasal cavities Sinuses Larynx Trachea Bronchi Lungs o Delivers air to alveoli sites in lungs where gas exchange occurs o Provides oxygen to bloodstream o Removes carbon dioxide from bloodstream o Produces sounds for communication o Teeth Tongue Pharynx Esophagus Stomach Small intestine Large intestine Liver Gallbladder Pancreas Digestive Major Organs Functions o Processes and digests food o Absorbs and conserves water o Absorbs nutrients o Stores energy reserves Urinary Major Organs o Kidneys o Ureters o Urinary bladder o Urethra Functions o Excretes waste products from the blood o Controls water balance by regulating o volume of urine produced o Stores urine prior to voluntary elimination o Regulates blood ion concentrations and pH Male Reproductive Major Organs Functions o Testes Epididymides Ductus deferentia Seminal vesicles Prostate gland Penis Scrotum o Produces male sex cells sperm seminal fluids and hormones o Sexual intercourse Female Reproductive Major Organs Mammary glands Functions o Ovaries Uterine tubes Uterus Vagina Labia Clitoris o Produces female sex cells oocytes and hormones o Supports developing embryo from conception to delivery o Provides milk to nourish newborn infant o Sexual intercourse Explain the importance of homeostasis and how it is regulated Homeostasis vital to an organism s survival All body systems working together to maintain a stable internal environment Systems respond to external and internal changes to function within a normal range body temperature fluid balance Mechanisms of Regulation two general mechanisms Autoregulation intrinsic o Automatic response in a cell tissue or organ to some environmental change Ex Hypoxia causes cells to release vasodilators to increase blood flow and oxygen delivery to those cells Extrinsic regulation o Responses controlled by nervous and endocrine systems Ex Nervous and endocrine system increases heart rate to increase blood flow to all tissues note nervous system acts faster than endocrine system but has a shorter lasting effect Explain the homeostatic regulatory mechanism Consists of three components o Receives the stimulus or environmental change Control integration Center o Processes the signal and sends instructions Receptor Effector o Carries out instructions sent from the control center Function of the homeostatic mechanism to return conditions to the set point desired value Explain the difference between negative and positive feedback and provide examples of each Negative Feedback The response of the effector negates the stimulus Body is brought back into homeostasis o Normal range is achieved o Ex Thermoregulation osmoregulation blood glucose level regulation Positive Feedback The response of the effector increases change of
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