Review sheet for Exam 2 Chapter5 1 Goal of Environmental Policy a Regulate resource use b Reduce pollution c Promote human welfare d Protect resources e Prevent the tragedy of the commons i Commonly help resources will become overused and degraded ii Best prevented by restriction of use and management f Protect environmental quality and natural resources g Promote equity or fairness in resource use h Prevent free riders and external costs protect the environment i Promote fairness by eliminating external costs i Free riders people who are tempted to cheat and not participating in sacrifice to i Polluters like to privatize profits but socialize environmental costs ii Policies could ensure that parties do not use resources in ways that harm others i e environmental impact statement 2 Assumptions of neoclassic economy a Resources are infinite once used up it can be replaced b Discount long term effects a future event has less value than a present one c Costs and benefits are internal only buyer and seller experience costs and benefits associated with exchanging goods or service d All growth is good economic growth is needed to keep jobs and social order 3 The National Environmental Policy Act NEPA 1970 a NEPA began the modern era of environmental policy i Created the Council on Environmental Quality b Requires an Environmental Impact Statement EIS i For any federal action that might significantly impact the environment ii To assess the environmental impacts of any federally funded project iii An EIS usually does not halt projects BUT 1 Provides incentives to decrease damage 2 Grants citizens input into the policy process 4 International Environmental Policy a International organizations that shape environmental policy represent multinational corporations might aggravates environmental problems i The North American Free Trade Agreement NAFTA 1 Investors can sue a country for profits lost ii The United Nations iii The European Union iv The World Trade Organization WTO 1 Can impose penalties on nations that don t comply with its directives b Non Governmental organizations entities that influence international policy i Some do not get politically involved ii Others try to shape policy through research education lobbying or protest c International Treaties can weaken protection i Treat laws as barriers to trade 5 Ecological economics a Civilization cannot overcome environmental limitations i Uses principles of ecology and systems science ii Natural systems are models for sustainability iii Calls for revolution b Ecological economists advocate steady state economies c Economies that mirror natural ecological systems i They don t grow nor shrink but stay stable d Quality of life increases through technological and behavioral changes Chapter 6 Population 1 China s population policy and effect a The government instituted a one child policy i The growth rate plummeted 2 Policies and family planning Cairo conference a 1994 s UN population conference in Cairo Egypt called for universal access to i Offer education health care and address social needs E g Alleviate poverty disease reproductive health care and sexism ii Global funding has fallen 33 slowing progress 3 The 4 stages of the demographic transition Demography TFR a Pre industrial stage low population growth i High death disease starvation few medicines and birth compensation for b Transitional stage industrialization increased food and medical care reduce mortality mortality rates rates i High birth rates cause population to surge c Industrial stage women get jobs and use birth control i Kids do not need to help get food d Post industrial stage low birth and death rates stabilize populations 4 Family planning contraception a Family planning efforts to plan the number and spacing of children i The greatest single factor slowing population growth ii Clinics offer advice information education and contraceptives b Birth control controlling the number of children born by reducing the frequency of pregnancy c Contraception deliberate prevention of pregnancy through a variety of methods i Hindered by religious and cultural influences ii Rates range from 10 Africa to 86 China 5 Agriculture a Traditional agriculture uses human and animal power i Hand tools simple machines ii Polyculture different crops are planted in one field b Industrial agriculture uses large scale machines and fossil fuels to boost yields i Also uses irrigation fertilizers and pesticides ii Monoculture planting a single genetically similar crop C More efficient but reduces diversity is disease prone D Narrows the human diet E Used in industrial agriculture F Bad 6 The Green Revolution a Green revolution drastically increased food through new Technology i ii Crop varieties iii Farming practices i Wheat rice corn b Spread to the developing world in the 1940s 2 Soils erosion a Soil degradation loss of soil quality and productivity b Erosion removal of material from one place to another i By wind or water c Deposition arrival of eroded material at a new place 3 Desertification reduces productivity a Desertification a loss of more than 10 productivity i Erosion soil compaction deforestation ii Drought salinization water depletion climate change a Conservation Reserve Program farmers are paid to put highly erodible land in 4 U S programs promote soil conservation conservation reserves 5 Irrigation productivity with problems Irrigation artificially providing water to support agriculture a b Waterlogging water suffocates roots in over irrigated soil layers c Salinization buildup of salts in surface soil layers i Worse in dry lands 6 Integrated pest management a Techniques included Bio control Chemicals Population monitoring Alternative tillage methods Habitat alteration Crop rotation Transgenic crops Mechanical pest removal a a group of living organisms consisting of similar individuals capable of exchanging genes or interbreeding 2 Reason of Extinction and Biodiversity Loss a Extinction occurs when the last member of a species dies and the species ceases to exist i Due to population growth and resource consumption Chapter 7 Biodiversity 1 Definition of Species b Habit loss c Pollution d Overharvesting e Invasive species f Climate changes 3 Conservation Biology 4 Endangered Species Act a Studies the factors behind the loss protection and restoration of biodiversity a Primary legislation for protecting biodiversity in the US i ii Forbids from destroying endangered species or their