ch 5 soviet cinema in the 20s The Soviet Montage Movement emerged during the 1920s As in Europe this avant garde arose within a commercial film industry the period from 1925 to 1933 saw renewed government control resulting in growth and export as production distribution and exhibition expanded The Kuleshov Effect is based on leaving out a scene s establishing shot and leading the spectator to infer spatial or temporal continuity from the shots of separate elements Soviet Montage Characteristics Genre crisis and revolution social realism avoided fantasy Narrative characters represent social class downplay individual character as central casual agent social forces are the sources of causes and effects Editing dynamic large number of shots stimulates audience overlapping editing elliptical editing jump cut rhythmic editing Camera Work dramatic angles Special Effects Mise En Scene realistic elements montage scene individual shots with different textures shapes etc lighting frequently used no fill lighting flat and natural Sergei Eisenstein key filmmaker montage of attractions collision montage intellectual cinema thesis antithesis synthesis marxist theory of dialectic The Battleship of Potemkin 1925 overlapping editing Dziga Vertov documentary filmmaker committed constructivist social utility of documentary fiction films cine nicotine believed fiction was like a drug and wasn t good for you known for Soviet Toys 1924 Man with a Moving Camera 1929 Soviet filmmakers also used intercutting to create unusual spatial relationships It served Decline of Montage Movement changes of formation by gov t more abstract purposes linking two actions for the sake of a thematic point levied against any director whose films were considered too difficult for the average citizen too much focus on style and not enough on ideology The First Five Year Plan a major push toward expanding industrial output As part of the plan the cinema was to be centralized The goal was to increase the number of films made and to build equipment factories to supply all the industry s needs Eventually it was hoped imports of raw film stock cameras lighting fixtures and other equipment would be eliminated Similarly exportation would not be necessary and all films could be tailored strictly to the needs of the workers and peasants ch 6 the introduction of sound 1905 1912 silent films live music artificial sound effects narrators actors performing live behind screen Mickey Mousing the ability to synch sound and action in perfect time named because of Challenges with Sound Cinema expensive to convert theaters synchronization recorded on two different devices amplification bad quality no standardized film speed Disney s success with sound First feature sound film Jazz Singer Hollywood initial reaction its a fad wont last too expensive a hindrance to filmmaking a marketing nightmare internationally non english speaker The Big Five Agreement all agreed to adopt sound on film 1927 HW exported the silent version of a film internationally instead of dealing with translating the script dubbed later in country Effects of sound of Hollywood filmmaking omnidirectional mics limited actors movements unnatural scenes the voices of actors weren t always nice to listen to directors were no longer able to direct actors during scenes they had to wait and fix issues between cuts amount of movie viewers went down cameras had to be stationary bc too loud icebox editing styles had to change to fit with long scenes of no movement Effect of Sound on film genres stayed silent fantasy melodramas westerns changed to sound musicals gangster films relationship between Germany and US Germany challenged Hollywood and attempted to keep US sound out MPPDA stopped exerts to imports from Germany International cartel put in place German filmmakers flee to US in 1920s Germany manages to retain stylistic flexibility of moving camera and complex editing in sound films Fritz Lang s M 1931 dialogue and sound effects sound used to rapidly stitch together desperate actions and locales sonic motif repeated sound that goes with repeated action sound bridge sound that carries over to next scene off camera sound never done before Howard Hawks Scarface 1932 people worried about possible negative social effect towards bad behavior precode film ch 7 the hw studio system 1930 45 8 companies took over after sound was introduced big five Paramount MGM Fox Warner Bros RKO majors little three Universal United Artists Columbia minors 1922 MPPDA wanted to avoid censorship from outside forces 1930 Production code Hays Code adopted outlined moral standards governing depiction of crime sex violence controversial subjects 1934 enforcement for code is put in place 1968 code abandoned in favor of ratings in place today G PG PG13 R UN Hollywood film genres verbal sparring Musicals 1930s and 40s individuals become couples 42nd Street 1933 Screwball comedies eccentric romantic couple displace their sexual tensions onto Horror universal pictures Dracula 1931 RKO Cat People 1932 Social Problems Films social issues during depression The Grapes of Wrath 1940 Gangster Films poverty stricken urban milieu creates gangster Film Noir derived from american hard boiled detective fiction 1920s protagonist isolated man police criminal women sexually alluring gains from protagonist loving them lighting and techniques of german expressionalism wwII War Films combat upbeat americans from various ethnicities nazis propaganda Animation 1930s majors and minors both released walt disney studio independent steamboat willie 1928 and silly symphonies start First animatd feature length film Snow White and the Seven Dwarves Exhibition Practices in the 1930s sound and depression significantly changed how theaters presented movies by 1930 only film not live anymore Movie Palace Era cut short by depression concessions double triple features door prizes souvenir pillows dish nights attendance improved during WWII 1946 highest grossing year for Hollywood Technical Innovations during 1930s expansion of the industry had included the formation of many technical companies and studio departments The innovation of sound had been one result of this growth in the technological support side of the industry film technology became more versatile and sophisticated Disney the early 1940s making Pinocchio 1940 and Dumbo 1941 as well as Bambi Part of the staff was diverted to war propaganda and informational films but full time work on