ANTHRO2200 MIDTERM 2 REVIEW TERMS Allopatric Speciation isolated geographically Parapatric Speciation hybrid zone results in species that isn t the best in either environment Sympatric Speciation small environmental niche with no direct competition Heterodont Dentition molars premolars incisors and canines Dental Formula number scheme used to describe teeth found in the quadrants of primates mouths i e 2 1 2 3 humans 2 1 4 3 ancestral formula CONCEPTS The basis for evolutionary relationships between species are broken down to two types of traits PRIMITIVE traits which are those retained by a modern species from their earliest ancestor and DERIVED traits which include anything that is different in the modern species when compared to the earliest ancestor HOMOPLASY is related to CONVERGENT EVOLUTION where a certain trait appears to be shared by two species but only coincidentally as they evolved separately only to arrive in a similar place An example of this would be the wings and flight ability of bats and birds HOMOLOGY is related to PARALLEL EVOLUTION where two species split from a common ancestor but retain some similar traits An example of this would be the similar hand structures of gorillas and humans There are two types of life characteristics where species are divided into K selection and r selection K SELECTION bigger bodies fewer offspring longer lifespans have parental responsibilities take longer to reach sexual maturity r SELECTION smaller bodies have large litters of offspring mostly absent as parents reach sexual maturity faster shorter lifespans ERAS are broken down into smaller EPOCHS To create a fossil the remains need to be rapidly buried and the environment must be oxygen free BETTER KNOW AN ANCESTOR Plesiadapiforms most primitive but not a true primate Adapids the first primate and they looked like lemurs Omomyids the second primate and they looked like tarsiers Aegyptopithecus early Old World monkey that lived in Africa Proconsul the first ape and it didn t have a tail Oreopithecus an ape from Europe Dryopithecus an ape from Europe Sivapithecus an ape from Asia and it looked like an orangutan Gigantopithecus the only evidence of Bigfoot is its massive jaw You can date a fossil by relative or absolute methods RELATIVE DATING 1 Stratigraphic Correlation asks where the fossil was found geographically and uses the Law of Superposition to determine the youngest top to the oldest bottom specimens in the stratum soil layers 2 Biostratigraphy asks which layer the specimen belongs to and uses evidence based on the quantity of fossils and their first and last appearances 3 Fluorine Dating asks how much fluorine is present in the bones that has been absorbed from ground water ABSOLUTE DATING 1 Radiocarbon Dating can determine a fossil s age up to 75 000 years 2 Radiopotassium Dating looks at potassium and argon levels and can determine a fossil s age up to 200 000 years 3 Dendrochronology uses tree rings to match events recorded on other tree rings There are two types of classification that are important to know CLADISITIC Get with the group that has the most traits in common with you and GRADISTIC Get with the group that shares a similar outward appearance with you I m CLAD with many traits that help me to fit in I m GLAD everyone here looks like me I m GRADually starting to fit in SIX TRAITS OF MAMMALS 1 Can produce breast milk 2 Has fur or hair 3 Has an undivided jawbone 4 Middle ear has three bones 5 Has a diaphragm 6 Has one left bending primary artery in the heart FIVE TRAITS OF PRIMATES 1 Hallux opposable thumb and toe 2 Nails instead of claws 3 Forward facing eyes usually predatory not prey 4 Post orbital bar 5 Petrosal auditory bulla They are endangered by hunting deforestation and exotic pet trade They are affected by the environment in regards to their body size their diet their activity patterns and which predators they come in contact with And they have culture Monkey Culture Japanese macaques and their hot springs And capuchin monkeys and their nut cracking Ape Culture Orangutans using leaf umbrellas and chimpanzees are super cultured with their insect fishing with twigs mortar and pestle use and spears SIX TRAITS OF STREPSIRHINES 1 Tapetum lucidum reflective eyes 2 Rhinarium wet nose 3 Long snout 4 Post orbital bar 5 Tooth comb and grooming claw 6 Smaller brain to body ratio These are the differences between STREPSIRHINES the prosimians lemurs lorises and the HAPLORHINES the prosimian tarsiers and the anthropoids New World and Old World monkeys apes and humans FOUR CHARACTERISTICS OF APES 1 No tail 2 Y 5 molar pattern 3 Large brains 4 Big toe and thumb HYPOTHESIS ON PRIMATE EVOLUTION 1 They evolved to hunt insects visual predation 2 They evolved to eat seeds angiosperm radiation 3 They evolved to live in forests and trees arboreal dwelling PRIMATES are divided into PROSIMIANS or ANTHROPIDS PROSIMIANS are divided into lemuriformes lemurs lorises and tarsiiformes tarsiers ANTHROPOIDS are divided into PLATYRRHINI New World monkeys and PLATYRRHINI contains the superfamily CEBOIDEA which are marmosets CATARRHINI Old World monkeys and apes tamarins and a barrel of different types of monkey howler spider capuchin etc CATARRHINI contains the superfamilies CERCOPITHECOIDEA which are macaques and baboons and HOMINOIDEA which are gibbons siamang the great apes and humans MEET THE PRIMATES Lemurs ring tailed have stink fights sifaka can climb and leap vertically indri are the biggest ruffed park their infants bamboo can break down cyanide mouse are the smallest primate aye aye have a freaky finger Lorises Bush Babies a k a Galagos park their infants produce toxic allergenic fluid like to move slowly while alone in the dark Tarsiers are a bastard to classify pro haps no shiny eye no slick nose no straight tooth post orbital bar is sorta caught in an open closed situation Marmosets Tamarins have twins Capuchin largest brain to body ratio Squirrel Monkey live in bachelor groups except during mating season Owl Monkey the only nocturnal monkey Howler Spider Woolly and Muriqui have a true prehensile tail Colobus Proboscis Snub Nosed and Langurs have sacculated stomachs Macaques most successful and widespread primates other than humans Baboons have complex social systems Mandrills Drills have bright facial features with yooj canines Gibbons Siamangs lesser apes that use brachiation Orangutans only solitary ape uses suspensory locomotion Gorillas polygamous Chimpanzees