Bio Prelim 1 Study Guide Lecture topic 0 09 17 2014 Hydrophobic doesn t like the water Hydrophilic loves the water Hydration shell sphere of water surrounding the dissolved ions Adhesion vs Cohesion o Cohesion the bonding of water molecules to other water molecules via H bonds o Adhesion the clinging of one substance to another Surface Tension measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid Kinetic Energy vs Thermal Energy o Kinetic the energy of each individual particle moving o Thermal energy the kinetic energy associated with the random movement of molecules Temperature the average kinetic energy Specific Heat the amount of heat needed to be gained or lost in order to change the temperature of 1g by 1 degree Celsius Evaporative cooling as a liquid evaporates the surface of the liquid that remains cools down Buffer substance that minimizes changes of H and OH in a solution Carbon o Isomers same number of atoms of the same elements just different structures thus different functions o Structural Isomers differ in the covalent arrangement of their atoms o Cis trans isomer covalent bonds to the same atoms that differ in their spatial arrangement due to the inflexibility of double bonds o Cis both X on the same side o Trans X on opposite sides o Enantiomers mirror images of each other that differ in shape due to an asymmetric carbon Functional Groups chemical groups directly involved in chemical reactions hydroxyl carbonyl carboxyl amino sulfhydryl methyl phosphate o Hydroxyl OH Alcohol polar Keytones within carbon skeleton Aldehydes at the end of the skeleton Acid can donate H because of polarity o Carbonyl C O o Carboxyl COOH o Amine NH2 Base o Sulfhydryl SH Two SH groups can react to create a disulfide bridge crosslink which helps stabilize tertiary structure o Phosphate OPO3 2 Organic phosphate Highly negative 1 when attached inside a chain of phosphates 2 when at the end of a chain of phosphates Polar so gives molecule it is attached too properties to bond with water o Methyl Group CH3 hormones Macromolecules Affects gene expression Affects the shape and function of male and female sex o Carbs Proteins and Nucleic acids lipids not included o Enzyme specialized macromolecule that speeds up chemical reactions Very specific to a certain type of substrate o Dehydration reaction loss of a water molecule covalently bonding two monomers o Hydrolysis polymers are disassembled to monomers by adding water o Carbohydrates are sugars and polymers of sugars o Monosaccharide s Brought together by glycosidic linkages which is the covalent bond between by dehydration synthesis Glucose most abundant sugar Fuel for usable energy ATP Six carbon sugar Stored as more complicated molecule until needed Goes into body and is absorbed and distributed without any problems Galactose Rare in nature Milk sugar Six carbon sugar Fructose Fruit sugar Cheaper than sucrose and sweeter so companies would rather use it than sucrose Five carbon sugar pentose o Disaccharides Sucrose Lactose Made of Glucose Fructose Made of Glucose Galactose Maltose Made of Glucose Glucose o Polysaccharides many monosaccharide s Starch many glucose monomers linked together by a glyocosidic linkage that is found in plants Storage of energy Stored as granules in cellular structures called plastids such as chloroplast Glycogen animal storage of sugar Cellulose major component of tough plant cell walls not digestible in humans Chitin found in insects as a hard protective shell to build an exoskeleton Lipids fats oils waxes Not big enough to be considered macromolecules Don t mix well with water Mostly hydrocarbon Fat Fatty acids long carbon skeleton with a carboxyl group at one end o Nonpolar and hydrophobic o Has two option saturated or unsaturated Triglyceride molecule Three fatty acids linked to one glycerol Saturated fatty acids saturated with hydrogen so no double bonds o Animal fats o solid at room temperature Unsaturated double bonds and is kinky cis double bonds increases membrane fluidity o Plants and fish fat o Liquid at room temperature Trans fats o Hydrogenated fats unsaturated fats have been synthetically converted to saturated fats by adding hydrogen o Hydrogenating vegetable oils produces produce not only saturated fats but unsaturated fats with trans double bonds Phospholipids Similar to a fat molecule but has only two fatty acids third hydroxyl is joined to a phosphate group Steroids carbon skeleton composed of four fused rings Cholesterol type of steroid that is found in animal phospholipid bilayers which acts as a buffer for membrane fluidity and is a precursor from which other steroids are made o Catalyst an enzyme that lowers activation energy o Polypeptide polymer of amino acids o Protein string of polypeptides o Amino acid has a central carbon R group Carboxyl group and Amine group with one hydrogen attached to the C Nonpolar side chains are hydrophobic Polar side and charged side chains are hydrophilic Acidic side chains are negative and basic side chains are positive Peptide bond bond between amino acids Carboxyl group of one bonds to Amino group of another CCNCC Polypeptide backbone Primary structure sequence of amino acids Secondary coils and folds due to H bonds between amino acids within the polypeptide backbones Alpha helix and beta pleated sheets Tertiary overall shape of polypeptide resulting from interactions between the R chains Hydrophobic interaction ionic bonds H bond Sulfide bonding Quaternary structure two or more peptide chains aggregated into one functional macromolecule If pH salt concentration temperature or other aspects are altered the weak bonds could be destroyed changing its shaped rendering it inactive However if the amino acid sequence is not affected and the normal conditions come back it will go back to normal Chaperonins protein molecules that assist in the folding o Denaturation o Nucleic acids polymers made of nucleotides o DNA RNA o DNA provides means for gene expression also directs RNA synthesis itself o DNA double stranded RNA single but can be a helix folded on o mRNA directs production of polypeptide o Nucleotide 5 carbon sugar a nitrogen containing base one or more phosphate group without phosphate nucleoside o Pyrimidine o Purines 6 membered rings of carbon and nitrogen atom C T U Larger with 6 member rings fused with 5 member rings of other proteins Nucleotides A and G A T G C U replaces T in RNA o Deoxyribose is the sugar in DNA lacks oxygen in