Chapter 15 Three Criteria defining psychological disorders 1 Deviant Different from the norm 2 Distressing leads to discomfort 3 Dysfunctional problem interferes with one s life Diagnostic and Statistical Manual DSM Disorders classified into one of two categories Axis I disorders feel like something is wrong with them something is wrong Axis II disorders Anxiety disorders the major clinical syndromes that cause significant impairment people the more long standing personality disorders family or friends feel like 2 Panic attacks 3 Panic disorder 1 Generalized anxiety disorder Affect 29 of the US population Anxiety is out of proportion to the situation and interferes with daily functioning avoiding harm paying attention to details minimizing state of pervasive and excessive anxiety lasting at least 6 an anxiety disorder characterized by panic attacks and persistent anxiety brief episodes of anxiety associated with perceptions of threat feat of Evolutionary perspective complacency months more common in women anxiety is lifelong and beginning point is usually indeterminable danger inability to escape embarrassment specific objects about having more panic attack occur being trapped an anxiety disorder triggered by exposure to a specific event that poses serious harm or threat Re experiencing the trauma avoiding thoughts feeling and activities associated increased arousal characterized by intense self consciousness about appearance and or behavior lead to compulsive behavior Obsession and Compulsion a persistent and unreasonable fear of a particular object situation or activity fear of humiliation in the presence of others a fear of being in places from which escape might be difficult should a an anxiety disorder in which obsessive thoughts 6 Phobia 7 Social anxiety disorder social phobia 8 Obsessive compulsive disorder OCD 5 Post traumatic stress disorder PTSD 4 Agoraphobia Nature nurture of anxiety disorders Diathesis stress model predispositions plus stress in the environment Three Biological factors origins of psych disorders as a combination of biological 1 Deficiencies in GABA neurotransmitter 2 Genetic heritage 3 Personality Mood disorders characterized by disturbances in emotional behavior that inhibit daily functioning Fetuses exposed to alcohol have increased risk Genetic component is complex Brains may show abnormalities in PFC Amygdala Hippocampus Basal ganglia Low levels of serotonin and alternating levels of norepinephrine Two major forms 1 Depression Major Depressive Disorder pervasive low mood lack of motivation low energy and feelings of worthlessness Must last at least 2 consecutive weeks Dysthymia form of depression that is milder in intensity but longer in duration Depression can lead to suicide abusive and extremely stressful environments biological dispositions personality traits fluctuations cycling between very low and very high moods includes periods of depression and periods of mania mood disorder characterized by substantial mood 2 Bipolar disorder Manic Manic episodes very high mood of bipolar disorder involving Increased energy sex drive and sleeplessness Euphoria Irritability Delusions of grandeur Manic episodes occur less frequently than depressive episodes in bipolar disorder Affects men and women in equal proportions Racing thoughts Start as pleasant but spiral out of control Cyclothymia a relatively mild but long lasting form of bipolar disorder like dysthymia for MDD Schizophrenia psychotic disorder characterized by disturbances in thought and emotion specifically with perception Diagnosis Delusions Hallucinations Disorganized speech grossly disorganized behavior negative symptoms At least one for 6 months and two present during 6 months Not different personalities Myth people are dangerous not live productive lives cannot get better Facts Withdraw from society Abuse and neglect in childhood increase likelihood of suffering from schizophrenia later Heritability rate 80 85 Causes maternal infections structural differences in the brain role of dopamine Positive symptoms Hallucinations delusional thinking disorganized thought speech Negative symptoms flat affect no responsiveness catatonia and inability to complete tasks Cognitive symptoms working memory attention verbal visual learning and memory reasoning and problem solving speech word salad Psychotic disorders disorders of thought and perception characterized by inability to distinguish between what is real and what is imagined Dissociative disorders psychological disorders characterized by extreme splits in memory identity or consciousness caused by a highly traumatic experience and biological predispositions Dissociative identity disorder DID disorder in which a person develops at least two distinct personalities symptoms Amnesia self destructive behaviors auditory hallucinations Somatoform disorders disorders that take bodily or physical form and mimic physical diseases but have no medical basis Somatization disorder disorder in which a person complains of multiple physical disorders that have no known medial or physical basis Criteria History 4 pain spots 2 gastrointestinal problems other than pain 1 sexual symptom 1 pseudo neurological symptom Hypochondriasis pervasive and debilitating fear of suffering from serious physical illness Ex Having a cold thinking they have cancer obsession with misperception of and exaggeration of physical symptoms of a disease Cyberchondriacs looking on the internet and thinking you re diagnosed by something Personality disorders DSM Axis II patterns of maladaptive and inflexible cognitions emotions and behavior develop in later childhood early adolescence thoughts feelings and behavior are extreme variants found in healthy functioning people Three Clusters 1 Cluster A Odd eccentric avoid close relationships emotional aloofness Schizoid personality disorder reclusively and lack of humor Schizotypal personality disorder thoughts beliefs magical thinking believe they can tell the future read minds Paranoid personality disorder characterized by extreme suspicions of others believe people are out to get them live in isolation with social contact and odd 2 Cluster B Dramatic emotional Histrionic personality disorder Borderline personality disorder BPD be the center of attention and dramatic behaviors emotional instability fear of abandonment and alternations between idealizing and despising others image and being self centered Antisocial personality disorder callous