Chapter 16 Biological treatment Drug therapies Psychosurgery Electric and magnetic therapies Psychological treatment Psychoanalytic psychology namic Humanistic positive therapy Behavioral treatments Drug Therapies for mood and anxiety disorders 1 Monoamine oxidase inhibitors MAOIs neurotransmitters in the brain 2 Tricyclic antidepressants 3 Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors SSRIs 4 Bupropione block the reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine block reuptake of serotonin inhibits reuptake of dopamine and norepinephrine slow the breakdown of monoamine Effectiveness SSRIs and Tricyclic are comparable in efficacy Less side effects in SSRIs SSRIs severe depression 51 Benzodiazepines commonly prescribed anxiolytic that produces calming effects release of GABA neurotransmitters Barbiturates another commonly prescribed anxiolytic higher risk of overdose than benzos Both are often used in combination with SSRIs and can result in severe withdrawal Lithium a salt that is effective in stabilizing mania bipolar disorder Effectiveness Works long term weak in treating acute phases of mania anticonvulsants and antipsychotics work about the same with less side effects For schizophrenia Phenothiazines drug that diminishes hallucinations confusion agitation and paranoia by blocking dopamine receptors Traditional antipsychotics phenothiazines and haloperidol first drugs used to manage psychotic symptoms Tardive dyskinesia repetitive involuntary movements of jaw tongue face and mouth NO CURE Atypical antipsychotics block a different type of dopamine receptor No Tardive dyskinesia Effectiveness positive symptoms side effects regulations and nature Psychosurgery Prefrontal lobotomy surgery in which the connections between the PFC and lower portion of the brain are severed usage decreased with advent of antipsychotics Electric therapies Electroconvulsive therapy ECT involves passing an electrical current through a person s brain to cause a seizure Effectiveness relieves symptoms of severe depression as long as it is regularly used Couldn t get sad thoughts out of her head Woman saved from shock treatment At 19 the first of three suicide attempts Deep brain stimulation for depression Area 25 Brodman s area Two electrons powered by a battery pack in her brain Psychological therapy Psychotherapy use of psychological techniques to modify maladaptive behavior or thought patterns or both Psychoanalytic therapy approach oriented toward major personality change with a focus on uncovering unconscious motives Sigmund Freud Dreams and unconscious Freud s first patients women who exhibited physical symptoms but had no detectable physical disorders Freud symptoms were related to unconscious emotional events Hysterical conversion Repression force that prevents the active re experiencing of a traumatic memory produces resistance Freud thought it was his most proud finding Resistance force that blocks free association What is being repressed and why Wish fulfillment hypothesis dreams express hidden desires and wants Techniques for interpretation Free association patient takes an image or idea form a dream and says whatever comes to mind regarding that image or idea Symbolism translation of images from dreams into what they represent in the real world Transference patient reacts to a person in a present relationship as though that person were someone from the patient s past analyst becomes target Historical significance Physical symptoms as a result of psychological distress Role of unconscious processes Original form of talk therapy Weaknesses based on a small sample of patients theoretical concepts based on speculation rather than empirical evidence intolerance of criticism of theories Humanistic Positive Therapy Developed by Carl Rodgers 1902 1987 in the 1950 s Disorders are a result of loss of self worth from worrying about what other people think Client centered therapy therapist shows unconditional positive regard for the client Goals to create an atmosphere of trust and understanding rather than judgment to help the client reach his her greatest potential Behavioral treatments Maladaptive behaviors are a product of learning These behaviors can be unlearned Focus on changing behaviors rather than thoughts feelings or motives Token economy desired behaviors are positively reinforced with tokens tokens can be saved and exchanged for privileges Systematic desensitization pairing of relaxation techniques with gradual exposure to a phobic object flooding force you with whatever you fear Cognitive Therapy Cognitive therapies any therapies that work to restructure irrational though patterns Cognitive Behavioral Therapy CBT combines techniques for restricting irrational thoughts with operant and classical conditioning Encourages reappraisal of potential emotional threats Group Therapy Several people who share a common problem meet together regularly with a therapist Support Group Meeting of people who share a common situation disorder disease May not be led by a therapist Less structured than group therapy Effectiveness of psychological treatments Smith Glass 1977 any kind of therapy better than none at all Current meta analyses most forms of therapy are effective with few significant differences Called the Dodo bird verdict it may take people longer but most therapies will help Usefulness often depends on nature of the client s disorder