NST 10 Final Study Previous Midterm Questions Midterm 1 1 Metabolism the set of enzyme catalyzed reactions that allow organisms to grow and reproduce maintain their structures and respond to their environment 2 Peptide chemical bonds that link amino acids together 3 The human body is made up of 60 water 4 The citric acid cycle occurs in the mitochondria 5 Accessory organs of the digestive tract salivary glands gall bladder liver and pancreas not heart 6 7 Enzymes lower the activation energy for reactions 8 The purpose of bicarbonate is to neutralize stomach acid 9 Macronutrients carbohydrates fat and protein not vitamins 10 Younger and older individuals require more protein in their diets per kilogram of body weight as If excess calories are consumed carbohydrates can be converted to fatty acids compared to the recommended amount for adults 11 Estimating the energy kcal content of food by using a bomb calorimeter is a method of direct calorimetry 12 4 kcal of metabolizable energy is contained in 1 gram of protein 13 Functions of water in the body dissolves solutes regulates blood volume and blood pressure provides lubrication and protection and assists with chemical reactions not build cellular structures 14 Osmosis is the movement of water across a membrane from a region of low solute concentration to a region of relatively high solute concentration 15 Adequate Intake AI is a dietary reference intake DRI reference value that is NOT based on sufficient scientific evidence 16 The antidiuretic hormone ADH s function is to stimulate the kidneys to reabsorb water 17 Contributors to Total Energy Expenditure TEE basal metabolic rate thermic effect of food and physical activity 18 Antidiuretic hormone a hormone that regulates water balance 19 Soluble fiber dissolves in water 20 Glycogen the main storage form of carbohydrates in the body which can be found in the liver 21 Aldosterone responds to a decrease in blood pressure by increasing sodium reabsorption by the kidneys and decreasing urine output kwashiorkor and infections 22 Possible results of primary protein malnutrition in a child after weaning over time edema fatty liver 23 After reaching the liver glucose can be used for energy in the liver passed into the blood to be used as energy by other cells stored in the liver and muscles as glycogen or stored as fat if it is consumed in excess of energy needs 24 Functions of the intestinal epithelia nutrient absorption protection against infections fluid absorption and the synthesis and secretion of proteins and peptide hormones 25 Three phases of digestion cephalic gastric and intestinal 26 Disaccharide example sucrose 27 Processes by which nutrients are absorbed passive diffusion facilitated diffusion active absorption and endocytosis 28 In oxidation compounds lose electrons in reduction compounds gain electrons 29 Types of polysaccharides starch glycogen and fiber not aspartame 30 Cellular respiration biological process that converts energy from the chemical bonds of food molecules into adenosine triphosphate ATP 31 Microvilli are cell extensions in the small intestine that aid with digestion 32 Nutrients are involved in the following functions forming and maintaining the structure of the body forming important components of membranes that surround cells providing energy to the body and assisting with growth and development 33 Functions of protein transports substances helps immune system fight off foreign bodies regulates acid balance and moves muscles not insulation 34 Kidneys organ regulates electrolyte concentration 35 Trypsinogen is synthesized in the pancreas It is converted to trypsin in the small intestine and breaks protein and polypeptides into shorter polypeptides 36 Amino acid pool the collection of amino acids in the liver and blood that adjusts to meet the body s need 37 Glucagon is released by the pancreas to stimulate glycogen breakdown 38 When a nonessential amino acid is not available in the diet in can be made in the body through the process of transamination 39 Anabolism is a process that uses energy to construct components of cells 40 Factors that affect protein quality digestibility amino acid content toxins found in food that inhibit digestive enzymes and the form of amino acids 41 Key recommendations from the 2010 Dietary Guidelines for Americans DGAs balance calories to maintain a healthy weight reduce intake of foods and food components associated with chronic disease risk increase intake of foods and food components that promote health and build healthy eating patterns 42 How to calculate percent calories from sugar percent sugar 4 total calories 43 Glucose CANNOT be generated from ketogenic amino acids 44 Glucose CAN be generated from starch sucrose Glucogenic amino acids and glycogen 45 How to calculate daily protein needs in grams weight in pounds 2 2 to get kg 0 8 46 Essential amino acids must always be supplied by the diet 47 Vegetarians do NOT have increased protein needs 48 Groups that have increased protein needs infants burn victims pregnant women and professional 49 Food groups depicted on USDA MyPlate fruits grains dairy and protein not oils 50 Macronutrients that we consume can be broken down through catabolism in order to generate ATP the readily usable energy currency for body processes like muscle contraction or kidney function 51 Insulin is the most important hormone in blood glucose control 1 Omega 3 fatty acids are associated with anti inflammatory processes and a reduced risk for heart 2 Sources of omega 3 fatty acids include fish oil flaxseed and leafy green vegetables 3 HDL is a lipoprotein that has a protective effect against cardiovascular disease 4 The majority of lipase is released into the small intestine 5 Consistently high consumption of sodium is associated with an increased risk for heart disease 6 Tissues that can use long chain fatty acids directly muscle liver skin and adipose not the brain 7 Lipolysis is the catabolism of triglycerides into smaller units 8 Fatty acids undergo beta oxidation in order to become Acetyl CoA and enter the citric acid cycle 9 Plant compounds that inhibit mineral absorption oxalates and tannins 10 Functions of calcium include bone structure and mineralization release of neurotransmitters muscle contraction and enzymatic cofactor 11 Calcitriol is a hormone that causes the intestine to increase absorption of dietary calcium 12 Trace minerals zinc fluoride iron selenium and iodide athletes Midterm 2