NST10 Exam 3 Review DECEMBER 1 3 2014 What s on the Exam Food Insecurity Nutrition during Pregnancy Nutrition Assistance Programs Alcohol Energy Metabolism Energy Balance and Weight Control Eating Disorders Exercise Nutrition during Growing Years Nutrition during Adult Years Nutrition Research Fad Diets Food Insecurity During Pregnancy Important minerals during pregnancy Calcium Folate Folic Acid Iron Everything else too Weight gain during pregnancy How much is the right amount 25 to 35 lbs depends on pre pregnancy weight Food insecurity during pregnancy leads to Higher gestational weight gain Higher risk of gestational diabetes Deficiencies of micronutrients Nutrition Assistance Programs SNAP Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program Formerly known as Food Stamps WIC Women Infants and Children NSLP National School Lunch Program Important things to know about SNAP Provides nutrition education but not required Entitlement program Congress sets aside funds for all who are eligible Restrictions on non food items and prepared foods Foods not restricted based on how healthy they are Benefits are for permanent residents and citizens Who are working or training for a job SNAP continued Reasons why people might not use SNAP Social stigma feeling ashamed Lack of knowledge about the program or how to apply Difficulty getting transportation to the office Language barriers Important things to know about WIC Required nutrition education and counseling Grant program Limited amount of funds available Restrictions on what foods can be purchased Healthy foods such as fruits vegetables fish low fat dairy etc Undocumented workers may be eligible to receive benefits National School Lunch Program Healthy Hunger Free Kids Act Changes to make lunches healthier More fruits and vegetables Fewer total calories More whole grains Less sodium Low fat dairy Alcohol Energy 7 calories per gram Absorption Simple Diffusion Factors that affect the metabolism of Alcohol Body size Body composition Gender Hormones Alcohol Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Caused by alcohol consumption in a pregnant or breastfeeding mother Results in specific facial features Can lead to learning disabilities and behavioral problems Too much alcohol consumption can lead to Liver damage Brain damage High blood pressure Cancer mouth throat breast colon cancers En er gy M et abo lis m En er gy M et abo lis m ATP energy currency Catabolism Process of breaking down larger molecules into smaller units Such as breaking down carbohydrates like glucose or glycogen for energy Anabolism Process of constructing molecules from smaller units Such as building muscle or adipose tissue Glucose is broken down into water carbon dioxide and energy in the form of ATP Energy Metabolism Aerobic Respiration Requires oxygen Glycolysis glucose is broken down into 2 pyruvate molecules Pyruvate is modified to become acetyl CoA Acetyl CoA enters the TCA or Krebs cycle where more ATP is generated Occurs in mitochondria Anaerobic Respiration Does not require oxygen Glycolysis 2 ATP generated Pyruvate is converted into Lactate Lactic acid is toxic and creates the burning feeling from intense exercise Occurs in cytoplasm of cell Energy Metabolism Types of amino acids Glucogenic Ketogenic Glucogenic Can become glucose through a process called gluconeogenesis Ketogenic Cannot become glucose but can become acetyl CoA What does acetyl CoA do Enters the Energy Balance Body part responsible for appetite hunger Hypothalamus in the brain Hormones involved in appetite and hunger Leptin Ghrelin Endorphins What are the 3 components of a healthy weight loss plan 1 Behavior modification changing problem behaviors 2 Regular physical activity 3 Healthy eating plan Energy Balance Methods to assess body fat Air displacement DEXA Skinfold thickness Bioelectric impedance What is negative energy balance Positive energy balance Taking in more energy than you are using Gaining weight Building muscle or creating adipose tissue What is a healthy BMI range 18 25 Exercise Body processes that use energy Adaptive thermogenesis i e shivering Thermic effect of food energy it takes to digest Basal metabolic rate energy it takes to keep you breathing your heart pumping etc Physical activity exercise Energy sources ATP Phosphocreatine Carbohydrates Short term high burst anaerobic Medium term aerobic Fats Long term low intensity Exercise Recommendations of Physical Activity Guidelines 30 minutes a day most days 150 min a week Ergogenic supplements Improve exercise performance Processes that are involved in generating energy Beta oxidation of fats Glycogenolysis breakdown of glycogen Gluconeogenesis creation of glucose to be broken down by Glycolysis breakdown of glucose to pyruvate Eating Disorders Anorexia nervosa Restricted eating patterns extreme weight loss Bulimia nervosa Bingeing and purging Purging can lead to Electrolyte imbalances Heart Arrhythmias Micronutrient deficiencies Death Eating Disorders Binge Eating Disorder Risk factors for development of eating disorders History of abuse History of being teased about weight Low self esteem Feelings of inadequacy Psychological issues Nutrition during Growing Years Benefits of breastfeeding Providing easily digestible and bioavailable nutrients Establishing a habit of eating in moderation Reduces risk of food allergies Provides fatty acids Potential drawbacks body burden of toxins Baby gets what mom eats so mom needs to eat healthily and no drugs alcohol When to introduce solid foods to baby Physical capabilities ability to sit with support hold up head Nutritional need Baby makes chewing motions Weakening of the extrusion reflex automatic reaction to spit out food Nutrition during Older Years Older individuals often do not get sufficient nutrients in their diet because of issues such as Social isolation Decreased ability for self care Increasing health problems Older adults have reduced capability to absorb some nutrients And reduced ability convert them to usable forms in the body Types of Nutrition Research Benefits and Negatives of each Laboratory animal studies Pro Controlled experiments precise data animals can be used when an experiment on people would be unethical Con Lab animals are not people Not directly applicable Observational studies Pro See how things are in the real world Con Not controlled other factors may be the cause of an effect show correlation not causation Human experiments Pro Directly applicable to future use in humans Cons People