Chapter 4 The Origins of Concern with Government Periods of Government in America No government Period 1776 to 1850 Municipal Government Period 1850 1895 State Intercity Government Period 1895 1932 Federal Government Era 1932 to the Present No government Period 1776 to 1850 Period of county government Rural low population Self dependence The best government was the least government Traditional government kept records ownership of property protected property Municipal Government Period 1850 1895 Influx of European immigrants to cities causing congestion Services for water sewage waste crime health codes building codes mass education Municipal government provided services Corruption Ward heelers Elections State Intercity Government Period 1895 1932 Political corruption in cities Reforms imposed by state governments Non partisan elections Civil service system merit vs loyalty Dillion s rule Local government is a creation of the state government cities have to comply with state statutes State regulations supersede common laws Federal Government Era 1932 to the Present Great Depression and World War II Federal government responsible for managing the economy and national defense Role of guardian and protector Income for elderly and disabled Protect environment workplace Quality education eliminate discrimination Grants National standards New federalism GROWTH OF FEDERAL POWER SCOPE OF DOMESTIC ISSUES INTERNATIONAL ISSUES STATES UNWILLING TO ACT FEDERAL FINANCIAL RESOURCES Figure 4 1 Total Expenditures 1930 2007 4 000 3 500 3 000 2 500 2 000 1 500 1 000 500 0 Federal State and Local 1930 1935 1940 1945 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 Figure 4 2 Public Aid Expenditures 1929 2004 2 500 2 000 1 500 1 000 500 0 Federal State and Local 1929193419391944194919541959196419691974197919841989199419992004 Figure 4 3 Federal Shares of Government Expenditures 80 70 60 50 e r a h S l a r e d e F Total Expenditures Public Aid Expenditures 40 Truman Eisenhower Kennedy Johnson Nixon Ford Reagan Bush 41 Bush 43 Carter Clinton 1948 1951 1954 1957 1960 1963 1966 1969 1972 1975 1978 1981 1984 1987 1990 1993 1996 1999 2002 Year Figure 4 4 Total Spending Per Capita Federal State and Local 6 000 4 000 2 000 0 1930 1940 1950 1960 1980 1990 2000 2007 1970 Year Figure 4 5 Public Aid Spending Per Capita 5 000 4 000 3 000 2 000 1 000 0 Federal State and Local 1930 1940 1950 1960 1980 1990 2000 2004 1970 Year Forms of Government Unitary Government Confederacy Federalism Figure 4 6 Forms of Government FEDERAL RESPONSIBILITIES NATIONAL DEFENSE SPACE PROGRAM POSTAL SERVICE SHARED RESPONSIBILITIES WELFARE EMPLOYMENT SERVICES UNEMPLOYMENT COMPENSATION STATE RESPONSIBILITIES EDUCATION HIGHWAYS TRANSPORTATION HEALTH SANITATION FIRE POLICE Purposes of Constitutions Legitimacy Organizing Government Providing Power Limiting Governmental Power STATE CONSTITUTIONS BILL OF RIGHTS SEPARATION OF POWERS LOCAL GOVERNMENTS The Present Texas Constitution General Features sixteen articles The Texas Constitution contains a preamble and Because the Constitution contains many details of policy and governmental organization to avoid abuse of governmental powers and to protect various private interests it is a long and poorly organized document The Constitution reflects the time of its writing an era of strong conservative agrarian interests and reaction to carpetbag rule The Present Texas Constitution General Features It contains many unenforceable provisions known as deadwood that conflict with the national Constitution The Constitution s 432 amendments by the end of 2003 have been necessary due to the restrictive character of the document but they have produced a Constitution that is poorly organized difficult to read and interpret and the second longest constitution in the nation The Present Texas Constitution Specific Features The Texas Constitution is similar in many ways to the U S Constitution Each government has executive legislative and judicial branches Both are separation of power systems Both include provisions against unequal or arbitrary government action The two Constitutions differ with regard to providing power to government The national Constitution is much more flexible in allowing government to act than is the state Constitution Figure 4 7 State Constitution Length and Year of r 01 8 0 0 2 s d r o W n i n o i t u t i t s n o C f o h t g n e L 100 000 80 000 60 000 20 000 0 40 000 MA Adoption TX CO OK AZ NM AR CA NY OR OH MD NE NV WV SC WY WA SD MS ID KY ND DE UT MO NJ LA FL MI PA VA HI AK IL CT NC MT GA RI ME VT NH TN WI IA KS MN IN 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000 Year of Adoption Figure 4 8 Number of Amendments and State Constitution Length r 76 TX 100000 8 0 0 2 s d r o W n i n o i t u t i t s n o C f o h t g n e L 80000 60000 40000 20000 0 CO OK AR LA OH AZ FL MO MA NV MS DE WA WY ID HI UT KS MN ME ND WI NH OR NY MD NE NM SD GA WV MI PA NJ KY VA IL CT AK RI NC MT TN IN IA VT CA SC 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 Number of Amendments 2008
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