11 2 15 PSY 317 Notes Review Working Memory Long Term Memory Free Recall Memory Task o Participant hears a word list of about 30 words o Immediately asked to recall it o People generally remember around 12 15 words Primacy Effect the first few words are remembered Recency Effect the last few words are remembered o These words from this task are in your working memory o If you are asked to complete a working memory task these words can be kicked out of your brain and affect your performance on the Free Recall task Both primacy and recency effects will be affected Measuring Working Memory Digit Span During a Digit Span test a list of numbers is read to a participant and they are asked to repeat it o First one number then two then three then maybe five then seven then ten etc o Generally people can only repeat seven plus or minus two numbers Doesn t have to only be done with numbers any chunks of information will do Working memory is more than a box what size o How much can it do while working computer RAM o Reading Span Task Read sentences and recall the last words in order What does this task involve Storing final words of the sentences Working with full sentences Switching back and forth Strongly related to digit span performance More strongly related to other cognitive measures and success than digit span performance The Working Memory System Working memory is a SYSTEM not a single entity Baddeley Model o Central Executive Organizes information in slave systems Combines information in slave systems Selective attention to slave systems o Slave Systems 11 2 15 Holds information about what we see and hear o Episodic Buffer Recent addition Chronological sequence Long Term Memory Getting Information into Long Term Memory o Rehearsal thinking about information Two types of Rehearsal Maintenance rehearsal focusing on the information o Repeating Elaborative rehearsal connecting ideas o Deep processing Which of the two types is better Need for Active Encoding Learn a series of words and during learning record the neutral response to each word o Test memory for the words Based on what happened at Time 2 go back and examine the data from Time 1 looking separately at what happened during learning for words that were later remembered and what happened during learning for words that were later forgotten Left Interior Prefrontal Cortex Frontal Areas Left Medial Temporal Lobe Hippocampus and Adjacent Areas How Does Having a Goal Affect Memory Intentional learning deliberate learning with the knowledge that memory will be tested Incidental learning learning without intention Does having a goal affect memory It does kinda Extra Credit Opportunity Research for a Student Read the slips that the student passed out at the end of class