PSY3213C Research Methods in Psychology Exam 3 PARTIAL Study Guide NOTE Exams may contain material not included on this guide Material on guide is not guaranteed to be on exams Use this information as a GUIDE for your studying but do not treat it as a map that will show you everything This information comes from the textbook AND the lectures Step 1 Be able to answer ALL of the Check Your Understanding Questions from the Chapters covered in this book Chapter 10 Introduction to Simple Experiments Be able to recognize if an experiment meets criteria for establishing causation To establish causation you must be sure it an experiment passes 3 tests covariance temporal precedence and internal validity What is a matched group design Placing participants in groups so that you have relatively random groups What is the difference between within subject design and between subject design Within participant designs has all participants exposed to all levels of the independent variable Between subject designs different groups of participants are exposed to different levels of the independent variable o Within groups designs advantages reduced error variance requires fewer participants disadvantages more demands put on subjects mistakes more costly carry over effects o Between subject designs advantages simple few participants data and stats easy to interpret disadvantages doesn t provide a large amount of information may be insensitive to effects when participants differ greatly in their performance What is carryover and what are the six different types of carryover effects for within subject designs Carryover is when exposure to a previous treatment affects performance in a subsequent treatment can cause changes in your DV Learning fatigue habituation sensitization contrast and adaptation are all carry over effects What are potential ways to deal with carryover effects Counterbalancing try to minimize o What different methods are there of counterbalancing and what are the advantages carryover effects treatment order as an IV disadvantages of each Complete counterbalancing advantages all possible combinations of treatments are represented disadvantages minimum number of subjects can get large fast Partial counterbalancing includes some of the possible treatment orders random order counterbalancing is assigning a random order of treatment for each participant Introduce breaks into the study to allow effect of previous treatment to wear off Practice trials to let participants get used to the new treatment and forget about old treatment If you have enough participants you can include treatment order as an IV in your analysis which will let you know if significant carryover effects are resent in your study o What is a Latin square design and how is it useful A counterbalancing procedure that controls for ordinal position of each treatment Each condition precedes or follows each other condition once Reduces carryover when you have a high number of conditions Chapter 11 More on Experiments Confounding and Obscuring Variables Be able to describe the multiple threats to internal validity in class You won t need to list define them but you ll need to identify them and or be able to know the differences among them design pretest posttest includes actual physical maturation or tiredness boredom hunger etc o History events that occur between the DV measurements in a repeated measures o Maturation changes in participants that occur over time during an experiment o Testing measuring the DV causes a change in the DV sometimes o Practice Effect beneficial effect on a DV measurement cased by previous experience o Attrition mortality o Regression originates with statistical concept called regression toward the mean o Ex You are unable to use data from 20 of the participants you recruited because they got sick and were unable to complete the second phase of your data collection Is this a problem of history maturation attrition or regression Maturation Bad scores will get better great scores will get worse with the DV How does generalizability relate to problems associated with external validity Generalizability gives scientific claims significance What is a null effect What are the different ways you can interpret one Null effect is the non significant finding o Ex what is the difference between a floor effect and ceiling effect Positive distribution skewed to the back floor effect negative skewed to the front ceiling effect What is the relationship between a dependent variable score a participant s true score and random error dependent variable score is the participant s true score random error of measurement Chapter 12 Experiments with More than One Independent Variable How does a factorial design differ from what we ve discussed before In a factorial design we are manipulating more than 1 IV in an experiment What is a main effect the separate effect of each independent variable What is an interaction When an interaction is present the effect of one IV changes based on the level of another IV An interaction is present when the answer to a question about the effect of an IV is it depends Graphically what does an interaction look like Interactions are often discovered by plotting the data and observing non parallel lines How do you interpret main effects and interactions Main effects are qualified by interactions you must interpret the main effect in the context of the interaction For a specific design e g 3 x 2 o How many IVs Factors 2 o How many levels of each 3 2 o How many conditions 6 o How many main effects are tested 2 o How many interactions are tested 1 What is a mixed design When might it be useful A mixed design is when all factors may be between participant factors and or within participant factors It might be useful when dealing with two IV s that require different factorial designs How does increasing the number of factors or levels in a factorial design affect the way you interpret your data Higher order interactions are difficult to understand and interpret Even though you won t be asked to interpret one in what situations would you need to consider a three way or an n way interaction When you have 3 or n factors Chapter 13 Quasi Experiments and Small N Designs What are the different types of quasi experimental designs Find naturally occurring groups and see if they differ Compare an experimental group to a control group without randomly assigning Why are quasi experimental results often
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