{LESSONS LEARNED FROM RIDDLES}- It is often important to view a problem from more than 1 perspective- We learn that determined questioning from a wrong perspective leads to little or no progress, but once the correct perspective is found, the solution to the riddle is easily determined.- Prior assumptions concerning data are dangerous; questioning basic assumptions is often productive- Overlook the unexpected in scientific data- Yes/no questions, properly formed, yield higher productivity- Details that do not fit expected patterns are often of crucial importance- Persistence is the key quality in problem solving - By expecting complicated answers simple ones may be overlooked- Crucial difference even though similarities:- Science makes no guarantees- Scientists must pursue their goals with no assurance of success which requires a special kind of commitment{HOW PSYCHOLOGISTS ACQUIRE KNOWLEDGE}THE RESEARCH PROCESS:- Finding a problem- Have a question that needs answer- Notice that there is an area missing in the research- Reviewing the literature- Look at everything that has been done on the topic- Why is it important to conduct a thorough review of the literature before conducting your research project? Avoid duplication & prevent undertaking problems that have already been solvedTHEORY: - A set of ideas about a topic- Examples- Self Perception Theory look at own behavior to know how feeling (ex. If smiling, then must be happy)HYPOTHESIS : - A prediction- The idea being tested- Predicted outcome of your research project that is based on the theory from the literature review{RESEARCH PROJECT OUTLINE}- The Research Plan- You need to come up with a methodology or way to test your predictions- Conducting the Research Project- Go into lab or whatever setting is appropriate to collect data- Analysis of Research Findings- Use statistical analyses to confirm or reject your predictions- Decision in Terms of Past Research & Theory- Does your data confirm what has been found in the past and if it doesn’t what conclusions can you draw about your data?- Preparing the Research Report- APA guidelines: this tells you what goes into paper and how to organize & format report- Sharing your Results:- Presentation & PublicationChapter 2: Developing a Good Research Idea & Conducting Ethical Project{The Research Idea}- The Research Idea unanswered question in an area of interest{Characteristics of Good Research Idea:}- Testable- Example: Angels; cognitive processes in animals; the future- Likelihood of Success- View of nature needs to be as close to reality as possible- Example: Bitter substances with animals; groups/teams at work Lab VS. Workplace (group dynamics){Sources of Research Ideas:}Nonsystematic sources- Present in an unpredictable manner- Inspiration- Blind flash of genius - Example: EINSTEIN- Serendipity- Situations where we look for one phenomenon but find another- Example: PAVLOV- Everyday Occurrences- Our daily encounters provide us the possibilities for research - Example: CIALDINI “basking in reflective glory”Systematic Sources- Carefully organized & logically thought out - Past Research- Contradictory reports in the literature- Find certain questions haven’t been answered- When you look at it you fail to replicate the previous findings- Theory- Once you understand the theory there are many different projects that you can put together- Classroom lectures- A study discussed in class can often spark an idea for a project- Example: “Has anyone ever tried to do it this way?” “What would happen if I do it this way?”{Surveying the Psychological Research}-Selection of Index Terms- American Psychology Association’s Thesaurus of Psychological Terms (2007)-Computerized search of Literature- lib.fsu.edu- Hint: References for article could be used as own references-Obtaining Relevant Publication- Integrating the results of the literature search- Reference Information: - List the complete citation - In APA format for the article you are abstracting- Introduction- Why did the researchers conduct the experiment?- What theory does research seek to support- Method- PARTICIPANTS list specifics like species, number, age, sex- APPARATUS equipment used to collect data- PROCEDURE describe conditions tested under- Results- What statistics did the author use? What were the results? Describe in statistical terms.- Discussion- What conclusions were reached? How do these conclusions relate to theory & past research? Describe criticisms of the research that occurred to you as you read the article (pg. 27 in textbook example of process){The Need for Ethical Principles}- Psychologists must ask & answer questions such as:- Are we putting our participants at risk?- Is our experimental treatment harmful?- Is the information we will gather from our experiment worth the potential risk and harm to the participants?{Nuremburg Code}- Stems from the Nazi war crimes of WWII- Based on the results of the Nuremburg War Tribunal1) Participants should consent to participate in research 2) Participants should be fully informed of the nature of the research3) Risks should be avoided whenever possible4) Participants should be protected against risks to greatest extent possible5) Projects should be conducted by scientifically qualified personnel6) Participants have right to discontinue at any timeZimbardo Study (Stanford Prison):- Potential breach of confidentiality- Psychological harm- Feeling they weren’t allowed to leave- Informed Consent breachPennebaker Study:- Confidentiality- Psychological harmMiddlemist Study (Urinal Spying):- Invasion of Privacy- Psychological harm Crocker Study (Overweight women confidence study):- Not fully debriefed- Psychological harm negative feedbackThe Need for Ethical Principles:The Willowbrook Hepatitis Project (1956)- Took place in autism center- Doctors purposely infected newly admitted patients in order to study the development of the disease under controlled conditions and not given treatment- Parents of these patients felt pressured into letting Willowbrook experiment on child- Violation of consent The Tuskegee Syphilis Project (1932-1970)- Observed syphilis in untreated individuals- African American males- Participants weren’t told the real purpose of study- Participants weren’t given treatment even though they were told they were being treated- Not fully informedStanley Milgram’s Obedience Studies (1960s)-
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