ENCE215 Engineering for Sustainability Exam 1 Study Guide Introduction and Overview 1 Environmental engineering exists to protect human health and the environment 2 Earliest instances of EE involved water transport and treatment What is Environmental Engineering Water Air Energy Soil Waste What is Sustainable Development Development that meets the needs of present w o compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs The process of applying natural human and economic resources to enhance safety welfare and quality of life for all of society while maintaining the availability of the remaining natural resources What is Sustainability A set of environmental economic and social conditions in which all of society has the capacity and opportunity to maintain and improve its quality of life indefinitely w o degrading the quantity quality or availability of natural economic and social resources Triple Bottom Line PEOPLE PROFIT PLANET Population total number of organisms in same group or species in a particular area Population and Growth Exponential Unrestricted Growth growth is proportional to existing population NO Limits P P O er T to P PO er T t o ln P PO r T t o Rate r 1 t Doubling Time Td time it takes for population to double P 2Po ln 2 rT d BONUS WHAT IS HER DOGS NAME MAVERICK ENCE215 Engineering for Sustainability Exam 1 Study Guide Logistic Restricted Growth P K POerT K PO erT 1 P K Growth P K Decay Carrying capacity of the environment K K population level that can be sustained given the resources available in the environment Factors effecting K resource consumption resource distribution technological invention What factors influence growth decline War Government policy Disease Weather Healthcare Economy Cultural perception Education Resource availability Topography climate Technology Age structure Population growth Demographic transition transition from high to low birth and death rates due to industrialization World growth rate 1 1 U S growth rate 7 Population What resources are impacted Water Food Land Energy Air Goods Shelter Population Ecological Footprint Demand How much land and water area a human population needs to produce the resources it consumes and to absorb its wastes need have Population Biocapacity Ability The area of land and water available to serve a particular use represents the biosphere s ability to meet human demand for material consumption and waste disposal Why measure our ecological footprint By measuring the footprint of a population we can assess our pressure on the planet which helps us manage our ecological assets more wisely and take personal and collective action in support of a world where humanity lives within the Earth s bounds Key concepts Predicting population is difficult Neither population nor biocapacity is evenly distributed throughout the world BONUS WHAT IS HER DOGS NAME MAVERICK ENCE215 Engineering for Sustainability Exam 1 Study Guide Energy the capacity of a system to perform work to change position physical composition or temp of Energy and Heat matter Units same as Work J joule Newton meter kg m2 s2 kWh kilowatt hour 3600 kJ calorie BTU electron volt Power rate at which energy is consumed energy time J s W Energy of a system Total energy of a system internal potential kinetic Internal chemical thermal electric magnetic electromagnetic elastic Potential mechanical Kinetic mechanical Law of energy of conservation 1st law of thermodynamics the total energy of an isolated system remains constant over time Energy conversion efficiency useful energy output energy input Heat and Temperature Heat energy transferred between a system its surroundings by conduction radiation or convection Temperature measure of heat in a substance Heat capacity C amount of heat needed for a given temperature change Extensive Specific heat capacity c C mass Intensive Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics Thermal equilibrium occurs when all materials are at the same temperature If not at equilibrium heat moves from high to low temperature Heat of transformation Water Heat of Fusion 335 J g Heat of Vaporization 2260 J g Q mc T Specific Heat Capacity Water 4180 J kgK Ice 2090 J kgK Q m H Steam 2010 J kgK H Hf or Hv BONUS WHAT IS HER DOGS NAME MAVERICK ENCE215 Engineering for Sustainability Exam 1 Study Guide Fuels for energy How much energy will a fuel source provide Heating value amount of heat released during combustion of a substance energy mass Higher heating value HHV amount of heat produced during complete combustion of substance All products of the combustion are cooled down to the temperature before the combustion The water vapor formed during combustion is condensed U S usage Primary energy use by source 2012 Petroleum 36 Natural gas 27 Coal 18 Renewable energy 9 Nuclear electric power 8 Uses of energy Electricity Transportation Industry Types of fuel sources Oil Natural gas Coal Nuclear Renewables Carbon cycle Greenhouse Gases Climate Change Fossil fuels fossilized carbon as an energy source Coal C H S O N Petroleum hydrocarbons pentane C5H12 octane C8H18 nonane C9H20 Gas methane CH4 Combustion Oxidation with O2 to release energy Fuel O2 Energy heat H2O CO2 Carbon cycle biogeochemical cycle of C exchange between the atmosphere hydrosphere biosphere and geosphere Biological C cycle driven by respiration photosynthesis Respiration breakdown of sugar to provide energy for movement growth reproduction Photosynthesis using light energy and CO2 to form chemical energy i e sugar C6H12O6 6 O2 6CO2 6 H2O Energy CO2 H2O light CH2O n O2 Concentration of CO2 in atmosphere changes seasonally highest in winter lowest in summer Greenhouse Effect Greenhouse gas CO2 CH4 H2O vapor N2O O3 CFCs absorbs long wave radiation converts to heat 1 Absorb radiation the Earth absorbs radiation from the sun BONUS WHAT IS HER DOGS NAME MAVERICK ENCE215 Engineering for Sustainability Exam 1 Study Guide 2 Reflected radiation greenhouse gases absorb outgoing radiation 3 Greenhouse gases greenhouse gases emit absorbed radiation warms Earth the atmosphere Increase in temperature with increase in CO2 emissions Climate change Overview Increase in temperature More extreme weather events storms rainfall distributions Glacier retreat sea level rise Ocean acidification Wildlife decline Impacts on health and disease Social impacts migration Climate change Sea Level Rise Causes Thermal expansion Melting of glaciers ice caps Ice loss from Greenland and West Antarctica Consequences