Lecture 1:People, Planet, ProfitSustainability: The capacity to endure, long-term maintenance of well-beingOf Humanity’s Top 10 Problems Over the Next 50 Years, 5 have to do with sustainability:EnergyWaterFoodEnvironmentPopulationSustainability Grand Challenges for Engineering:Make solar Energy EconomicalProvide Energy From FusionDevelop Carbon Sequestrian MethodsManage the Nitrogen CycleProvide Access to Clean WaterRestore and Improve Urban InfrastructureGuidelines to Practice Under the Fundamental Canons of Ethics CANON 1:Engineers should be committed to improving the environment by adherence to the principles of sustainable development so as to enhance the quality of life of the general publicLecture 2: Population and SustainabilityProblems caused by OverpopulationDeforestationResource DepletionPollutionGlobal WarmingWater DepletionNot Enough FoodExponential vs. Logarithmic Growth PatternsGrowth Rates Are Influenced By:EducationAge StructureHealthcareJobsIndustrial DevelopmentWarClimateYounger Populations tend to have much higher growth rates and potentialsCarrying Capacity: population level of an organism that can be sustained given the quantity of life supporting infrastructure available to it.Can be increased by discovery and exploitation of new resourcesA population in overshoot can regain balance by:Decreasing per capita consumption of resourcesPopulation declines if per capita consumption remains constantEcological Footprint: measures how much land and water area a human population requires to produce the resource it consumes and to absorb its wastesMade up of six components:Built Up LandForest LandFishing GroundsGrazing LandCroplandCarbon Footprint (CO2 waste)Biocapacity: the area of land and water available to serve a particular use and represents the biosphere’s ability to meet human demand for material consumption and waste disposalLecture 3: Carbon CycleCarbon is the 4th most abundant element in the universe and dictates whether or not something is organic or inorganic materialFour Major Carbon ReservoirsAtmosphereBiosphereGeosphereOceanGeological Carbon CycleDissolutionWeatheringPrecipitationBurial and SubductionVolcanismBiological Carbon CycleRespirationC6H12O6 + O2  CO2 + H20 + EnergyPhotosynthesisCO2 + H2O + Light (NRG)  C6H12O6 + O2Because of this, there is a lower CO2 concentration in the summertimeCarbon EmissionsPetroleumCoalNatural GasCement ProductionCombustionCalcinationCaCO3 (heated) CaO +CO2The Greenhouse EffectGreen house gases are transparent to low-wavelength solar radiation, but are opaque (absorptive) to long-wavelength infrared radiationheat is easily let in, but is partially trapped by green house gases when it tries to leaveLecture 4: Fossil Fuel and Carbon FootprintFossil Fuel is Not sustainable b/c:Not RenewableLeaves a Carbon FootprintForms of EnergyPotentialKineticThermalElectricalMagneticElectromagneticChemicalMechanicalFirst Law of ThermodynamicsEnergy is neither created nor destroyed in an isolated systemSecond Law of Thermodynamics (Law of Entropy)Entropy is described as disorderQuality of energy can diminish over time, leading to increased entropyA reaction is reversible if Sfinal=SinitialLecture 5: Carbon Footprint and Chemical ThermodynamicsPersonal Carbon FootprintCar(transportation)Residential ElectricityFoodTrashChemical ThermodynamicsH=G+TSH<0, energy released, exothermicH>0, energy absorbed endothermicA standard state element is assigned an energy of zeroFor ionic substances, H+ at 1 M concentration in ideal solution has been assigned an energy value of zero.Lecture 6: BiomassRenewable Energy:Solar (1%)Wind (5%)Geothermal (5%)Hydroelectric (36%)Biomass (53%)Biomass is sustainable Energy b/c:It is renewableIt has no carbon footprintBiomass Energy: the chemical energy stored in organic matter from living/recently living organisms, including plants, microorganisms, and animalsBiomass SourcesAnimal ResidueForestry Crop ResidueAgricultural Crop ResidueIndustrial ResidueSewageMunicipal Solid WasteChemical Components of BiomassCarbon, Hydrogen, OxygenBiomass Conversion to useful EnergyChemicalDirect CombustionC6H12O6 +O2  CO2 + H2O + EnergyGasificationSugar  (heated) syngas (H2, CO) + Byproducts (Charcoal, Ash)BiologicalAnaerobic DigestionSugar --> (bacteria) Biogas (CH4 + CO2)FermentationStarch  (enzyme) Fermentable SugarC6H12O6  (fermentation) C2H5OH + CO2Lecture 7: Waste To EnergyLandfill: site for waste disposal by burialProsCheapCan Handle Large VolumesConsContamination of Ground and soilsRelease of Greenhouse gas with high global warming potential (CH4)Global Warming Potential (GWP)A parameter indicating how much heat a green house gas traps in the atmosphere over a certain period of timedepends on the adsorption capacity and decay rate of the gas in the atmosphereCO2 is used as comparison, has value of 1Waste To Energy: IncinerationBurning Waste Produced Thermal Energy which is converted into ElectricityPros0 Carbon FootprintRecover Energy From WasteReduce Volume of Waste by 90%Bottom ash is non hazardous materials that can be safely reused as construction materialsHigh temperature destroys pathogensConsAir Pollution (toxic gas such as Dioxin)Expensive to buildHazardous Waste: Fly AshLecture 8: Solar Energy1 Exajoule = 1018 JouleTypes of Solar TechnologySolar PowerPhotovoltaic (PV)Concentrated Solar Power (CSP)Solar ThermalWater HeatingHVAC (heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning)Water TreatmentAgricultureSolar chemicalArtificial PhotosynthesisHydrogen production from waterN-type silicon (top layer of PV panel)Doping silicon with phosphorous, gives it 5 valence electronsP-type silicon (lower layer of PV Panel)Doped with Boron, 3 valence shell electronsSolar ChallengesMaking it more economicalEnhance efficiencyReduce Fabrication CostsSolve Mass Storable ProblemsENCE 215 Exam 1 02/28/2012Lecture 1:- People, Planet, ProfitSustainability: The capacity to endure, long-term maintenance of well-beingOf Humanity’s Top 10 Problems Over the Next 50 Years, 5 have to do with sustainability:- Energy- Water- Food- Environment- PopulationSustainability Grand Challenges for Engineering:- Make solar Energy Economical- Provide Energy From Fusion- Develop Carbon Sequestrian Methods- Manage the Nitrogen Cycle- Provide Access to Clean Water- Restore and Improve Urban InfrastructureGuidelines to Practice Under the Fundamental Canons of Ethics CANON 1:- Engineers should be committed to improving the environment by