Interim Study Guide Exam 2 Cultural Universals is an element pattern trait or institution that is common to all human cultures worldwide Cultural Leveling the process by which different cultures approach each other as a result of travel and communication Cultural leveling within the United States has been driven by mass market media such as radio and television broadcasting and nationwide distribution of magazines and catalogs Subculture group whos values and related behaviors distinguish its members from the general culture Cultural Diffusion what happens when the cultural beliefs and social activities are spread through different ethnicities religions nationalities etc Symbolic culture the cultural realm constructed and inhabited uniquely by Homo sapiens and is differentiated from ordinary culture which many other animals possess Counterculture cultures that go against typical social norms in society Subculture Ethnocentrism belief that one culture is better than another bias so youre looking down on another culture refers to the nonphysical ideas that people have about Material Culture is the physical evidence of a culture in the objects and architecture they make or have made The term tends to be relevant only in archeological studies but it specifically means all material evidence which can be attributed to culture past or present Non material Cult their culture including beliefs values rules norms morals language organizations and institutions Cultural Relativism the principle that an individual human s beliefs and activities should be understood by others in terms of that individual s own culture Language the collection of words and the rules of govern syntax and grammar that govern how words are supposed to be arranged in order to convey a particular meaning Language is at the core of every culture as it is through language that we are able to create the meaning of human experience thought feeling appearance and behavior It enables us to create reality itself by substituting words for direct experience Harlow s Monkeys infant monkeys some taken from their mothers states that the structure of a language determines A sanction is a reward or punishment that a norm associates Cultural Lag refers to the notion that culture takes time to catch up with technological innovations and that social problems and conflicts are caused by this lag Develop an instrument but there are no rules regulating the use of the intruments We get summers off because people use to need it to harvest although now we do not harvest we still get summers off Sapir Wharf Hypothesis or greatly influences the modes of thought and behavior characteristic of the culture in which it is spoken Values a person s principles or standards of behavior one s judgment of what is important in life Norms things that are normal typical or standard Sanctions with a behavior or appearance The New technology refers to technology that has a significant impact on social life cell phones plow printing press lead for bullets as opposed to bows and arrows Folkways norms that are not strictly enforced people are expected to follow them but if they don t people don t make it a big deal Mores norms that are taken much much more seriously rape stealing molestation etc Taboos norms that are so strongly ingrained that even the thought of its violation Is disgusting parents touching their children cannibalism if someone breaks a taboo they are shunned or justified unfit to live in that particular culture Value contradictions values that contradict one another to follow the one means to come into conflict with the other Value clusters when many values cluster together to portray one important norm vlues that together form a larger whole example value cluster that surrounds success would be hard work education material comfort and individualism bound up together Emerging values self fulfillment physical fitness and youthfulness emerging in the United States A fifth core value the concern for the environment is also emerging Clashing values values that clash and differ from culture to culture A value cluster of four interrelated core values leisure Ideal vs Real Culture we have ideals and values but we never really live up to them Ideal would be all the values that we would like to carry out Ideal the values norms and goals that a group considers ideal or worth aiming for Real the norms and values that people actually follow Socialization the process by which people lean the characteristics of their group the knowledge skills attitudes values norms and actions thought appropriate for them Resocialization the process of learning new norms values attitudes and behaviors Gender Socialization learning society s gender map the paths in life set out for us because we are male or female Agents of Socialization people or groups that affect our self concept behaviors or other orientations towards life 19 29 Socialization Stages Childhood adolescence Transitional adulthood adultolesence the middle years 30 65 the older years Understand the Principles of the Following Theoretical Expressions Paradigms or Orientations Looking Glass Self refers to the process by which our self develops through internalizing others reactions to us The Orphans Studies Skeels and Dye back then kids in orphanages did not always live to get out of them they tended to have lower IQs and less common sense they were neglected of nurture and stimulating social interaction so there was a social cause to their poor brains Nature vs Nurture Nacirema Isolated kids unable to learn language which is vital without language there can be no culture or shared way of life or Institutionalized Kids Language is not the only thing vital to a child s growing up also nurture and social interaction Social Environment vs Heredity the social environment can override one s heredity example the twins were separated at birth and grew up completely different and had differeing views on many things howver there were many things they oddly did the exact same The limits of certain physical and mental abilities are much established by heredity but attitudes are the result of environemt Know the Significance of the Prominent People featured in the chapters handouts Genie Girl who was hidden all of her life in a room until the age of 13 Isabelle Was in isolation with her mother until the age of 6 couldn t walk when found was able to grow up completely to norml intelligence by 8 Charles Cooley known for