SOC 100 1st Edition Exam #1 Study GuideIntro. To Sociology Midterm Study GuideSOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY1. Know why humans are social animals (biology, psychology, rationality). - Biology: people who are more social are more likely to survive- Psychology: we are cognitive misers that rely on support from the community- Rationality: we are awarded for being social and punished for being non-social2. Understand Freud’s model of the self (superego, ego, and id) and its relevance to sociology. - Superego: society’s self; nurture- Ego: rational self- Id: biological self; nature- Freud’s relevance to sociology: first to recognize personality is co-determined by society3. Understand the 'Nature vs. Nurture' debate and know which side sociologists take. - Nature: biology and genetics- Nurture: society and culture- Sociologists choose nurture 4. Remember Isabelle’s case study--which shows the importance of 'nurture.'- Locked in a room with no human interaction; did not know language/normality5. Understand the comparative examples (including gender, race, and sexuality) which Demonstrate the importance of 'nurture'.- Gender: things considered natural in one society are not in another; naturally better at childcare example- Race: One-drop/president example- Sexuality: what is considered natural differs by society; homosexuality example6. Know what it means to say that humans are cognitive misers. - As human beings, we are forever trying to conserve our cognitive energy7. Be able to define the following terms from readings and lectures: Conformity, CognitiveDissonance, etc. - Conformity: a change in a person’s behavior or opinions as a result of real or imagined pressure from a person or group of people- Cognitive dissonance: personal discomfort that occurs whenever we have an internalized belief that conflicts with reality8. Know and understand the Milgram Experiment and the Asch Experiment. - Milgram: shock experiment- Asch: line experiment9. Be able to define social location and remember that it has an effect on our perceptions!- Social location: where an individual is situated in terms of the overall hierarchy of socioeconomic structuresTHE SOCIOLOGICAL IMAGINATION1. Understand, and be able to interpret, the basic theoretical model of sociology (A-->B). - Sociologists look for the social cause (A) of general social patterns (B)2. Know what a social context is. - Social context: the totality of social causes (and the resulting general patterns) that affect an individual, group, or event3. Understand what it means to move from the particular to the general and why this is Important for scientists. - Concrete (particular)  Abstract (general)- Important so that they can talk about a wider range of phenomena4. Familiarize yourself with the key terms: Society, Social Structure, Social Institution, Organization, Group, Network, and Individual. Especially need to know the first three! - *Society: a population of people who share the same geographical territory and are subject to the same political authority and dominant culture- *Social structure: a general framework of social institutions that regulates a society- *Social institution: a set of organizations that performs a particular set of social functions- Organization: one or more groups that are designed and managed for a specific purpose- Group: inter-related social networks that share a common identity/culture- Network: individuals that are somehow related to each other- Individual: one aloneSTRATIFICATION AND POVERTY1. You will need to know and understand the different types of poverty: Official Poverty,Absolute Poverty, Relative Poverty, Transitional Poverty, and Structural Poverty. - Official: necessities that conclude the poverty line- Absolute: desperate conditions in which one is lacking the resources for basic survival- Relative: conditions in which one is lacking resources relative to the rest of society- Transitional: a temporary state of relative poverty, usually because of a systematic change in social location- Structural: relative poverty that is created and maintained by social structures2. Know the causes of structural poverty (Social Institutions, Structural Failures, and SocialChange). Know some examples of these causes. Also, be able to define working poor. - Social institutions: slavery and castes- Structural failures: the working poor- Structural change: economic recession- Working poor: when someone is working one or more full-time jobs and still struggling to pay their bills3. Be able to define stratification and social class. - Stratification: relative social position of persons in a given social group, category, geographical region or other social unit- Social class: a set of concepts in the social sciences and political theory centered on models of social stratification in which people are grouped into a set of hierarchical socialcategories4. Familiarize yourself with the historical trends of inequality in the U.S. (and the social Causes). Make sure that you have completed the Greenhouse reading and reviewed the Lecture slides. I will not ask you to memorize specific statistics, but I might present you With a general trend or fact and ask you whether it is true or not!- The rich are getting richer: the top 10% of earners make up this class- The middle class is vanishing: the cost of living has increased- The lower classes are struggling: half of Americans are in or near relative povertyHISTORY OF SOCIOLOGY1. Be able to distinguish between macro-level versus micro-level sociology. - Macro-level:studying societies and communities as a whole using the abstract concepts ofsocial structures, institutions, etc.- Micro-level: focusing on individual actions within particular social settings (groups and networks)2. Know who Ibn Khaldun, Auguste Comte, and George Herbert Mead were, and why theyWere each important historical figures. - Ibn Khaldun: “the first sociologist”; stressed the importance of inking sociological thought with historical observations and desired to know the social causes of things- Auguste Comte: typically known as being the first modern social scientist; invented the term sociology; promoted positivism, mainly studied how social institutions can provide effective moral regulations for a society- George Herbert Mead: founder of pragmatism and symbolic interactionism3. You will need to know the basic theories of each major historical figure: Marx: capitalist social