SOC 100 1st Edition Final Exam Study GuideSOCIALIZATIONSocialization: be able to define it, but also know why it is important and how it works- The process through which the ‘self’ is shaped and developed through social interactions- How ideal/symbolic culture is transmitted through practices, habits, and fields- Mead's theory of socialization (significant others --->generalized other) was probably the most important component of this section1. Status (including 'ascribed' vs. 'achieved' statuses, the status set, and master status)- Ascribed: the social status a person is assigned at birth or assumed involuntarily later in life, it is a position that is neither earned nor chosen but assigned- Achieved: a concept developed by the anthropologist Ralph Linton denoting a social position that a person can acquire on the basis of merit; it is a position that is earned or chosen- Status set: all the social statuses of an individual- Master status: the social status within the status set that is most important or meaningful for the individual2. Role (including problems like role conflict and role strain)- A set of duties and expectations that an actor identified with a specific social location or social status is socialized to perform- Role conflict: occurs when a person takes on two roles that cause a dilemma (‘parent’ versus ‘police officer,’ ‘boss’ versus ‘lover’)- Role strain: occurs when a role is too demanding or difficult for an individual to fulfill3. Norm (including norm sets and emotion work)- Expected behaviors- Each norm is sort of like a “rule” for performing the role--these can be formal or informal, and even include “feeling rules” and/or “emotion work”4. Agents of socialization (including total institutions)- structured situations in which socialization takes place (which means that micro-level socialization is more often than not tied to macro-level social structures)- Family, educational institutions, peer groups, mass media, workplace, total institutionsDEVIANCE AND SOCIAL CONTROLDeviance: Be able to define it, and know why it is important- Deviance is a behavior, trait, belief, or other characteristic that violates a social norm- It can be mild or severe, formal or informal, intentional or unintentional- All societies define some things as deviant, and everyone has been deviant in some way or anotherYou should also know what a "social control" is. Be able to define the different types of social controls- a formal or informal mechanism that is used to maintain conformity to social norms—typically in response to deviance1. Sanctions (positive and negative)- Positive: various ways in which a society rewards conformity, expresses approval- Negative: various ways in which a society punishes deviance, expresses disapproval2. Crime andpunishment- Courts, police officers, prisons, etc., all enforce formal social norms by forcefully punishing deviant behavior and/or inducing deterrence3. Hegemony- when culture itself becomes a method of social control- A population might be systematically socialized to believe false or misleading information (propaganda, miseducation)You should also know the functions of deviance (social integration vs. social change)- 1) Durkheim (deviance is functional)2) Moynihan (deviance is constant)3) Merton (structural causes of deviance)- Social integration:a dynamic and principled process where all members participate in dialogue to achieve and maintain peaceful social relations- Social Change: an alteration in the social order of a societyThe most important thing to know from this section is Merton's structural theory of deviance. You need to understand how this theory works, and how it explains the social causes of crime- Merton looked at how social structures maintain culture- Mainstream culture gives everyone in a society certain goalsThere will be at least one question over each strategy:1. Conformity- Is when someone accepts the cultural goals and accepts the normal institutionalized means. Example: college students who are attending a university to get into a high-payingcareer2. Ritualism- Is when someone accepts the normal institutionalized means but rejects or forfeits the cultural goals. Example: chronically poor factory workers who work every day but have given up on their goals3. Innovation- Is when someone accepts the cultural goals but rejects the normal institutionalized means.Instead, they attempt to achieve the goals in unaccepted ways (deviance). Example: Walter White in Breaking Bad4. Retreatism- Is when someone rejects both the cultural goals and the normal institutionalized means. Instead, they try to escape altogether (deviance). Example: Chris McCandless in Into the Wild5. Rebellion- Rebellion is when someone rejects both the cultural goals and the normal institutionalizedmeans, but then supplements them with new goals and means (deviance). Example: hippies who start a communeYou should also know and understand Becker's cultural theory of deviance- Culture forms a lens through which we see the world, and beliefs, values, and attitudes lead to certain practices and habitsSOCIAL CHANGEObviously, you should be able to define "social change." Understand how this relates to deviance- The transformation of social structures over time (including culture and social institutionslike the family, law, education, work, etc.)In class, we talked about some important social changes that are happening in the U.S. You do not need to memorize specific statistics, but you should know the overall trends. For example, while you do not need to memorize the percentages of Americans who support same-sex marriage, you should know that 'there has been a significant increase in support for same-sex marriage in the U.S. Here are some trends:1. Changing gender roles of American women2. Rampant inequality becoming 'normal' in the U.S.3. Computers and internet becoming 'normal' in the U.S.4. Poverty flees to the suburbs and the reversal of 'white flight' in the U.S.5. Increased approval for interracial marriage in the U.S.6. The decline in traditional American family structure7. Increased approval for same-sex marriage in the U.S.8. Predicted increased approval for polygamy/polyamory in the U.S.9. Global decline in religiosity, increase in number of atheists, agnostics, and secular Americans10. Increased approval for marijuana decriminalization in the U.S.11. Increased approval for socialism and social