Check off list for Lesson 1 Define anatomy and physiology o Anatomy is the study of body structures It describes the structures of the body by their composition location and associated structures Ex How a muscle attaches to the skeleton o Physiology is the study of the functions of anatomical structures and their individual cooperative functions Ex How a muscle contracts Describe the different areas of study for anatomy and physiology o The main divisions of anatomy are gross anatomy and microscopic anatomy Gross anatomy macroscopic looks at LARGE visible structures Includes o Surface anatomy exterior features o Regional anatomy body areas o Systemic anatomy organ systems o Clinical anatomy medical specialties Pathological anatomy changes that happen during illness Radiographic anatomy structures seen using imaging techniques o Developmental anatomy conception death Microscopic anatomy examines cells and molecules Cytology is the study of cells and their structures Histology is the study of tissues and their structures o Physiology Cell physiology processes within and between cells Organ physiology functions of specific organs Pathological physiology effects of diseases Systemic physiology functions of an organ system List in order the different levels of organization and describe each level o Major levels of organization in organisms Lowest Highest Chemical Molecular Cellular groups of atoms molecules and organelles working together Tissue groups of cells Organ groups of tissues Organ System groups of organs Organism groups of organ systems Describe the major parts and general functions of the different organ systems found in the human body 1 o Major levels of organization in organisms Lowest Highest Chemical Molecular Cellular Tissue Organ Organ System Organism o Humans have 11 organ systems Integumentary Skeletal Muscular Nervous Endocrine Cardiovascular Lymphatic Respiratory Digestive Urinary and male female Reproductive Major components The major organs of the Integumentary system are skin hair sweat glands and nails The function of this system is protection regulation of body temperature and provides sensory information The major organs of the Skeletal system are bones cartilages associated ligaments and bone marrow The functions are support protection for other tissues storage of calcium minerals and the formation of blood cells The major organs of Muscular system are skeletal muscles and associated tendons It functions to provide movement protection support for other tissues and the generation of heat maintains body temperature The major organs of the Nervous system are the brain spinal cord peripheral nerves and sense organs It directs immediate responses to stimuli coordinates moderates activities of other systems and provides interprets sensory information about external conditions Pituitary gland pancreases gonads endocrine tissue thyroid and adrenal gland are the major organs in the Endocrine system The functions of this system are the direction of long term changes in other activities adjustment of metabolic activity and energy use and control of structural and functional changes during development The major organs of the cardiovascular system are the heart blood and blood vessels Functions distribute blood cells water and other materials and to distribute heat assists in control of body temperature The major organs in the Lymphatic system are the spleen thymus lymphatic vessels lymph nodes and tonsils It s functions are to defend against disease infection and to return tissue fluids to the bloodstream The major organs of the Respiratory system are the nasal cavities sinuses larynx trachea bronchi lungs and 2 alveoli The functions are to deliver air provide oxygen to bloodstream remove CO2 from the bloodstream The major organs are the teeth tongue pharynx esophagus stomach small large intestine liver gallbladder and pancreas The functions are to process food absorption and conservation of water nutrients and the storage of energy The major organs of the urinary system are the kidneys ureters urinary bladder and urethra It s functions are the excretion of wastes products from blood control of water balance urine storage and regulation of blood ion concentrations pH The organs in the male reproductive system are the testes epididymides ductus deferentia seminal vesicles prostate gland penis and scrotum The functions are intercourse and to provide sperm seminal fluids and hormones The organs in the female reproductive system are the ovaries uterine tubes uterus vagina labia clitoris and mammary glands It produces oocytes and hormones supports developing embryo provides milk and intercourse Explain the importance of homeostasis and how it is regulated o Homeostasis is the goal of physiological regulation and the key to survival in a changing environment It is the maintenance of a stable internal environment Explain the homeostatic regulatory mechanism o A change in external internal environment is detected by a receptor and then brought to the control center to process the signal and send instructions to the effector which carries out instructions from the control center and the response brings it back to homeostasis Explain the difference between negative and positive feedback and provide examples of each o In negative feedback the response of the effector refuses the stimulus and the body is brought to homeostasis Examples are thermoregulation osmoregulation and blood glucose level regulation If body temperature rises receptors in the skin and hypothalamus which brings the signal to the thermoregulatory center in the brain which sends commands to effectors sweat glands in skin increase secretion and the blood vessels dilate increased heat 3 loss body temperature is drops and then homeostasis is obtained o In positive feedback the response of the effector increases change of the stimulus The body is moved away from homeostasis in positive feedback Example Blood clotting Define the anatomical terms that will be used in anatomy and physiology o Anatomical position hands at sides palms forward o Supine laying down face up holding bowls of soup o Prone lying down face down o Proximal toward an attached base o Distal away from an attached base o Lateral away from the midline o Medial towards the midline o Anterior ventral Anterior the front surface Ventral the belly side o Posterior Dorsal Posterior the back surface Dorsal the back o Cranial toward the head o Sagittal
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