PSY3213C Research Methods in Psychology Exam 3 Study Guide Step 1 Be able to answer ALL of the Check Your Understanding Questions from the Chapters covered in this book End of Chapter 9 designs What is carryover and what are the six different types of carryover effects for within subject 1 Learning Learning a task in the first treatment may affect performance in the second irrespective of IV Caffeine Study Participants will get faster at the reaction time tasks because of practice 2 Fatigue Earlier treatments may affect performance in later treatments because participants will get tired Will make it appear as if the last treatment administered is worst 3 Habituation Repeated exposure to a stimulus may lead to unresponsiveness to that stimulus Participants may simply get bored with the task 4 Sensitization Exposure to a stimulus may make a subject respond more strongly to another Conditioning A rat exposed to a shock in addition to a noise will show an exaggerated startle response to just the noise in the future 5 Contrast Participants will compare the current treatment to treatments that came before Removal of reward 6 Adaptation Physiological changes over time based on experimental setting Adaptation to dark drug tolerance MRI anxiety What are potential ways to deal with carryover effects Counterbalancing try to minimize carryover effects treatment order as an IV o What different methods are there of counterbalancing and what are the advantages disadvantages of each When a within groups experiment has only two or three levels of the IV full counterbalancing all possible condition orders are represented can be used E g two conditions would be A B and B A Three conditions would be A B C A C B B C A B A C C A B C B A ADV All possible combinations of treatments are represented DADV Minimum number of subjects can get large fast o 3 conditions 3 X 2 X 1 6 subjects needed o 5 conditions 5 X 4 X 3 X 2 X 1 120 subjects needed Partial Counterbalancing represented would be used with levels of four because there would be 24 conditions only some of the possible conditions are ADV Includes only some of the possible treatment orders Reverse Counterbalancing used with small of conditions o Attempts to counter Learning Effects Fatigue Effects o Wont counter Effect of each treatment on each other treatment Random Order Counterbalancing o Assign random order of treatment for each participant o Carry over effects may not completely balance but Are randomly distributed across treatments Likelihood of treatment effects being the result of carryover effects small but possible o What is a Latin square design and how is it useful Controls for ordinal position of each treatment Chapter 10 More on Experiments Confounding and Obscuring Variables Be able to describe the multiple threats to internal validity in class You won t need to list define them but you ll need to identify them and or be able to know the differences among them o Ex You are unable to use data from 20 of the participants you recruited because they got sick and were unable to complete the second phase of your data collection Is this a problem of history maturation attrition or regression Attrition How does generalizability relate to problems associated with external validity An evaluation of your experiment that asks whether your experimental results apply to populations and situations that are different from those of your experiment o What are the three types of generalization we discussed in class and when are they problematic relevant 1 Population generalization Applying the results from an experiment to a group of participants that is different and more encompassing than those used in the original experiment situation or environment that differs from that of the original experiment Applying the results from an experiment to a 2 Environmental generalization o Lab setting to real world Memorize list of words in experiment how does this translate to actually studying for a test 3 Temporal generalization that is different from that when the original experiment was conducted o Some things obviously can t be generalized across time gender Applying the results from an experiment to a time differences or attitudes from research in the 1960s Why is it difficult to simultaneously have strong internal AND external validity Advantages for internal validity making sure participants are similar to one another testing everyone under same circumstances at same time of day keeping everything perfectly controlled become disadvantages for external validity Be able to recognize when poor external validity is related to problems with methods and or problems with participants o Methods Interaction of Testing and Treatment Pretest sensitizes participants to the treatment yet to come Occurs for the pretest posttest control group design Because of a pretest your participants reaction to the treatment will be different o E G you are conducting experiment on prejudices toward people with schizophrenia your pretest is a scale that measures prejudices toward schizophrenia you then show them the movie A Beautiful Mind then test them again The pretest was a big hint about the nature of the study The group that didn t get the pretest would probably not respond the same way as the group who did because without the pretest they weren t sensitized to the topic Interaction of Selection and Treatment Treatment effect is found only for a specific sample of participants when the effects that you demonstrate hold true only for the particular groups that you selected for your experiment Treatment interaction becomes greater as it becomes more difficult to find participants for your experiment because as it becomes harder to get subjects those you do find are more likely to be unique and not representative of the entire population o E G experiment looking at the efficacy of a particular study strategy use college student as subjects and conduct the study during the summer semester could this be a unique population We all know it would be because we all know how summer classes go lets be real here Reactive Arrangements IV involved Experimental situation that alters participants behavior regardless of the We cannot be sure that the behaviors we observe in the experiment will generalize outside that setting because the artificial conditions of the experiment do not exist in the real world o E G the experiment interested in whether or not the lighting in the workplace was
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