The Integumentary System The dermis is composed of the papillary and reticular layers Cell divisions within the stratum germinativum replace more superficial cells which eventually die and fall off The cells of stratum corneum were initially produced in the stratum The epidermal layer that consists almost entirely of keratin is the stratum germinativum corneum The Epidermal layers The epidermal ridge is responsible for the strength of attachment between the epidermis and dermis o The deeper the epidermal ride the STRONGER the attachment Sweat glands hair follicles and sebaceous glands are accessory structures of the skin o The dermis is NOT The layer directly beneath the epidermis is the dermis Melanocytes store melanin in melanosomes intracellular vesicles 1 Skin exposed to ultraviolet light increases production of melanin Ultraviolet light causes production of vitamin D3 in the cells of the epidermis Too much sunlight can cause cancer but too little can lead to a deficiency in which of these o Vitamins D3 The layer primarily responsible for the strength of the skin is the reticular The skin can move easily over the underlying muscles because of the loose connective tissue within the hypodermis Fibroblasts produce the fibers found within the reticular layer of the dermis The skin layer that contains areolar connective tissue is the hypodermal layer layer Which of the following is NOT part of the cutaneous membrane o The hypodermis The papillary layer reticular layer and epidermis are all parts of the cutaneous membrane The arrector pili muscle sebaceous gland lamellated corpuscle and tactile corpuscle are all accessory structures associated with the dermis What structures do you find within the hypodermis o Fat and cutaneous plexus The papillary layer is more superficial than the reticular layer of dermis True or false o True The soft core of a hair is the medulla Sebaceous glands secrete oil into the hair follicle Merocrine sweat glands helps cool the body Merocrine sweat glands are most abundant in the hands 2 Cerumen is produced by glands located in the ear canal Collagen to repair a deep skin wound is produced by dermal fibroblasts The nail bed is covered by the nail body During which phase of injury repair is the scab undermined by epidermal cells o Proliferation The process of skin repair after injury begins with formation of a blood clot Shedding of the scab and completion of the epidermis occurs during which phase of injury repair o Maturation Steps in the process of integument repair o Mast cells are triggering a response to injury during which phase of repair o Inflammation Mast cells are key to triggering the inflammatory phase immediately after injury The eldery are more prone to skin infections because they have a thinner epidermis they have fewer dendritic cells and tissue repairs take longer Damage to elastic fibers in the skin of the elderly results in wrinkles Dendritic cells represent a link between the integumentary and the lymphoid systems 3 The Skeletal System Which of these is not part of the skeletal system Cartilage ligaments and bones are all a part of the skeletal Which of the following functions of the skeletal system is most affected by o Tendons system gravity o Body support Which of these is a primary role of the skeletal system o Leverage muscle attachment site and calcium homeostasis Osteoblasts differentiate from osteoprogenitor cells Osteoblasts are squamous cells that develop into osteocytes 4 Which of the following characteristics applies to the cells known as osteoclasts They breakdown the matrix Osteoclasts function to break down bone for release of calcium Spongy bone comprises an open meshwork of osseous spicules called trabeculae The type of bone that forms the diaphysis of a long bone is called compact bone Spongy bone is filled with red marrow During endochondral bone formation the primary ossification center is located in the diaphysis What structure is necessary for a bone to grow in length o Epiphyseal cartilage Which of these forms by intramembranous bone formation Endochondral bone development begins with the formation of a n cartilage o Mandible model 5 Migration of blood vessels into the central region of the cartilage bone model starting bone development occurs at which site o Primary ossification center Migration of osteoblasts into the epiphysis creates the secondary ossification center thicker and stronger If osteoblasts are more active than osteoclasts bones may become denser Which of these cell types plays a role in bone remodeling o Osteoblasts osteoclasts osteocytes Which of the following hormones is currently thought to decrease plasma calcium levels in pregnant women and children o Calcitonin o Calcitriol PTH promotes the formation of which hormone Which of the following would NOT be a way that parathyroid hormone PTH could alter plasma calcium levels Which one of the following is FALSE o Increase osteoblasts on bone Osteoblasts store calcium on bone thus lowering plasma calcium Which hormone works directly in the intestine to increase plasma calcium Parathyroid hormone PTH activates Vitamin D into calcitriol in the kidney Calcitriol then increases absorption of calcium in the intestine Which of these factors does not contribute significantly to normal bone levels levels o Calcitriol formation o Potassium o Vitamin E Which of these is not required for normal bone formation Vitamin A vitamin D and thyroid hormone Calcitriol is required for absorbing dietary calcium and phosphate Parathyroid hormone causes what response in the kidneys o Retention of calcium ions 6 A drop in blood calcium levels stimulates the secretion of parathyroid hormone Roughly what portion of the body s total calcium content is deposited in the skeleton o 99 What is normally found at a fracture hematoma o Dead bone bone clot bone fragments When a fractured bone heals it leaves a thickened region known as a callus In a compound fracture the broken bone penetrates through the skin Which of the following is formed immediately after a fracture o Hematoma Bleeding occurs over several hours resulting in a blood clot A bone scan of an older patient revealed the beginnings of osteoporosis Which of these interventions is not recommended o Bed rest The bone in this image is typical of osteopenia 7 o Structures of a long bone 8 o Endocondral ossification 9 Articulations and Nervous System The hip joint is a diarthrosis Which of these is a type of joint o
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