HDFS 129 EXAM 3 STUDY GUIDE Adolescence and Young Adulthood o The most important characteristics in adolescent friendships 3 Intimacy Mutual understanding Loyalty o Identity Issues Vocational issues Political ideology Spiritual ideology Self in relation to others Sexual identity Ethnic identity Body image Interests o Psychosocial crisis identity vs role confusion Process of identity formation involves Crisis alternatives Commitment o James Marcia devoted life to researching adolescence Found that there are four identity statuses for adolescents making a choice among the alternatives a period of role experimentation and active exploration of possibilities or Identity Achievement commitment made and crises experienced o You have achieved found your identity o The only true path is that you have explored all alternatives and made a commitment to this one solid sense of self o The individual has resolved his her identity crisis and made commitments to particular goals beliefs and values Identity Foreclosure commitment made and no crisis experienced o The individual seems to know who she he is but has latched onto an identity prematurely without exploration o Can be problematic because they haven t really thought about who they really are they just took on the identity available to them i e decide to practice Christianity just because their parents did Identity Moratorium no commitment made and crises are being experience o In the midst of finding you who are o Actively pursuing an identity o The individual is actively raising questions and seeking answers Identity Diffusion no commitment made and no crises experienced o The person has not yet thought about or resolved identity issues and has failed to chart directions in life Most adolescents move from foreclosure or diffusion either achieved or moratorium between mid teens and mid twenties One can be in a different identity status for various identity domains Females are more likely than males to be achieved in the area of interpersonal relationships o Parenting styles and identity status College students spend a greater time in exploration than those who do not attend college Authoritative democratic parenting is correlated with identity achievement Authoritarian parenting is correlated with identity foreclosure Permissive parenting is correlated with identity diffusion Emerging adulthood a distinct period of development that differs from adolescence and young adulthood o Jeffery Arnett o Takes place between the ages of 18 25 years of age not just college students o Characterized by independent role exploration and frequent change o Comparison In the 1970 s typical 21 year old Was married or about to be married Already had a child or was planning for a pregnancy Finished with education Settled into a job or role of full time mother Today typical 21 year old Marriage and parenthood are not for another 5 years Education lasts many more years beyond college i e grad school med school Will experience job change WHY THE CHANGE Invention of birth control Sexual revolution of 60 s and 70 s Change in women s roles Increase of years devoted to higher education o More women attend college o Wider range of jobs for women o No longer expected to be a stay at home mom Change in how people view becoming an adult o Love o Work Adolescents Emerging adults Young adults dating is primarily recreational experimental dating is a serious search for a partner late 20 s 75 are married with children Purpose of work is to support leisure activities work to make money to buy Adolescents service jobs things we want 95 are enrolled in school Emerging adulthood laying the groundwork for adult occupation 60 go on to higher education only 32 complete their education Trying out unusual work educational possibilities Young adults settled into career Only 10 involved in higher education o Age of instability changing the plans Change major in college Drop out of college Dissatisfaction with work In and out of romantic relationships o Moving emerging adults have the highest rate of residential change than any other group Going to college Wanting to move away from parents and then moving back in with parents Nearly of emerging adults will move back with their parents And then will eventually move out again Dropping out of college Changing roommates Wanting to co habitat Not wanting to co habitat Graduating from college New job or grad school adolescence o Examining worldviews enter emerging adulthood with worldviews learned in childhood and College students are exposed to greater diversity and as a result change their worldviews Emerging adults who do not attend college are as likely as college students to examine their existing worldviews and form their own set of beliefs and values o Emerging adults are very optimistic believe they will get to where they need to be in their lives But most are pessimistic about the future of society o 3 criteria to be an adult Self identity Financial independence Independence stable in terms of career living situation relationships etc o What are the top 3 criteria for achieving adulthood according to research Accepting responsibility for yourself Making independent decisions Being financially independent Intimacy open supportive tender relationship with another without fear of losing one s self o You have a concern for the other s well being you care for them and there is affection o But although you feel so strongly for this other person you do not lose yourself even if you put them first sometimes Isolation self absorption fear of losing one s self o Have difficulty interacting with others and getting into intimate relationships with others o Can either be too self absorbed or a fear of intimacy o Do not have a secure sense of self fear of losing one s self Adolescent friendships relationships o Female friendships conducted face to face Emphasis self disclosure emotional connection For most females if there is no self disclosure in our conversations we will feel disconnected lonely and or left out Conversation is a little less fulfilling Females want the same level of disclosure in their romantic relationships as they have in their friendships o Male friendships conducted side by side Emphasis cooperation leadership competition For most males they do not really talk about relationships Males are not bothered by not self disclosing o Self disclosure levels in friendships Self disclosure sharing of intimate facts with another