BSC 2085 Review for FINAL EXAM IMPORTANT NOTE The Exam will be out of 120 pts not counting bonus pts The number of items here is not a reflection on the number of questions but a reflection on the concepts to study 1 What is Physiology the study of the function of the body 2 Define Homeostasis the maintenance of relatively stable internal conditions despite continuous changes in environment It works as a dynamic state of equilibrium Maintained by contributions of all organ systems 3 Know basic descriptions of each body system Integumentary forms external body covering and protects from injury skin Skeletal protects and supports body organs and provides framework the muscles use to move Muscular system allow manipulation of environment locomotion and facial expression Nervous System fast acting control system of the body Endocrine glands secrete hormones that regulate growth reproductions and nutrient use Cardiovascular blood vessels transport blood carries oxygen carbon dioxide nutrients and waste Lymphatic system picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood 4 Know how to read tables and graphs and how to construct graphs from data 5 Subatomic particles Atoms Molecules Compounds Macromolecules Atoms unique building blocks for each element give each element its physical and chemical properties smallest particles of an element with properties 6 Ions Isotopes Isomers Ion atom that gains or loses electrons and becomes charged Isotope Isomers 7 Atomic Number Atomic Mass Number Atomic number number of protons in the nucleus Written as subscript to the bottom left Mass number number of protons and neutrons in nucleus Written to the top left 8 Which are the essential elements for living things Nutrients chemicals for energy and cell building carbohydrates fats proteins minerals Oxygen essential for ATP productions Water most abundant chemical in body environment of chemical reactions Normal body temperature affects rate of chemical reactions Appropriated atmospheric pressure for adequate breathing and gas exchange 9 Covalent Ionic and Hydrogen bonds Ionic bond transfer of valence shell electrons from one atom to another becomes negative or gained electron is an anion and becomes positive or lost electrons is called a cation Covalent bond formed by sharing of two or more valence shell electrons Non polar covalent is when the electrons are shared equally Polar covalent is the unequal sharing of electrons Hydrogen bond Attractive force between electropositive hydrogen of one molecule and a electronegative atom of another molecule Not a true bond common between dipoles such as water 10 pH and Buffers pH the concentration of hydrogen ions in various body fluids is measured in concentration pH 7 is neutral neither acidic or basic Solutions below 7 are acidic and higher are alkaline or basic Buffers homeostasis of acid base balance is carefully regulated by the kidneys and lungs and by chemical systems called buffers They resist abrupt and large swings in pH by releasing hydrogen ions 11 Properties and functions of Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids and nucleic acids Carbohydrates are sugars and starches Contain C H and O Major source of cellular fuel Structural molecules Three classes are 1 Monosaccharides one sugar 2 Disaccharides two sugars 3 Polysaccaharides many sugars Lipids contain C H O less than in carbs and sometimes P Insoluble in water non polar molecules Nucleic acids are deoxyribonucleic acid DNA and ribonucleic acid RNA they are the largest molecules in the body Contain C O H N and P Monomer nucleotide composed of nitrogen base a pentose sugar and a phosphate group Proteins contain C H O N and sometimes S and P Proteins are polymers of amino acids Amino acids are the monomers in proteins 12 Agonists Antagonists Agonist muscle that bears the major responsibility for effecting a particular movement Antagonist muscles that oppose or reverse a particular movement 13 Enzymes are globular proteins that act as biological catalysts Catalysts are substances that regulate and accelerate the rate of biochemical reactions but are not used up or changed in those reactions Each is chemically specific some control only one chemical reactions while others exhibit a broader specifity They say which reactions will occur Lower the activation energy increase the speed of a reaction millions of reactions per minute 14 Hydrophobic does not like water and Hydrophilic likes water 15 Polarity water Water s Polar solvent properties Dissolbes and dissociates ionic substances forms hydration layers around large charged molecules bodies major transport medium 16 Nonpolar vs polar covalent bonds Non polar covalent is when the electrons are shared equally Polar covalent is the unequal sharing of electrons 17 Properties and functions of the cell membrane Composed of a lipid bilayer and proteins in constantly changing fluid mosaic Plays a dynamic role in cellular activity Separates intracellular fluid from extracellular fluid Consists of 75 phospholipids 5 glycolipids 20 cholesterol 18 List and describe the parts of a typical animal cell 19 What is the role of microtubules Microfilaments Intermediate filaments 20 Know and describe the process of Protein Synthesis DNA is the master blueprint for protein synthesis Bases in DNA are A G T and C Amino acids most important anabolic nutrients form all proteins bulk of functional molecules Protein Synthesis occurs in two steps Transcription where DNA information is coded in mRNA and Translation where mRNA decoded to assemble polypeptides The three phases of Transcription include 1 initiation RNA polymerase separates DNA strands 2 Elongation RNA polymerase adds complementary nucleotides 3 Termination signal indicates stop Then mRNA is edited and processed before Translation occurs During Translation converts base sequence of nucleic acids into amino acid sequence of proteins Involves mRNAs tRNAs and rRNAs 21 What is the Central Dogma of Biology DNA transcription RNA translation Proteins Transcription transfers DNA gene base sequence to complementary base sequence of mRNA Translation converts base sequence of nucleic acids into amino acid sequence of proteins 22 Which are the 4 major types of tissues 1 Epithelial 2 Connective 3 Muscle 4 Nervous 23 What makes a substance become Oxidized oxidized substances lose electrons and energy Reduced Reduced substances gain electrons and energy 24 Define Metabolism Catabolism Anabolism Anabolism synthesis of large